11: Social Structure And Demographics

Question 1

Manifest functions

Answer 1

Deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

Question 2

Latent functions

Answer 2

Unexpected, Unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

Question 3

Conflict theory

Answer 3

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how those differentials contribute to maintenance of social order

Question 4

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 4

Study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

Question 5

Social constructionism

Answer 5

Explores ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

Question 6

Rational choice theory

Answer 6

States individuals will make decisions maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm
- Expectancy theory applies rational choice theory within social groups

Question 7

Feminist theory

Answer 7

Explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

Question 8

Social institutions

Answer 8

Well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture (Ex: family, education, religion, government, economy)

Question 9

Tenets of American medicine

Answer 9

• Beneficence: acting in patient’s best interest
• Nonmaleficence: Avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit
• Respect for autonomy: Respecting patient’s rights to make decisions about own healthcare
• Justice: Treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

Question 10

Culture

Answer 10

Encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

Question 11

Cultural lag

Answer 11

Idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

Question 12

Cultural barrier

Answer 12

Social difference that impedes interaction

Question 13

Value

Answer 13

What a person deems important in life

Question 14

Belief

Answer 14

What a person considers to be true

Question 15

Ritual

Answer 15

Formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage
- governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and predetermined order of events

Question 16

Norms

Answer 16

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 17

Demographics

Answer 17

Statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology

Question 18

Ageism

Answer 18

Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

Question 19

Gender

Answer 19

Set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

Question 20

Gender inequality

Answer 20

Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

Question 21

Race

Answer 21

Social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people; may be real or perceived differences

Question 22

Ethnicity

Answer 22

Social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

Question 23

Symbolic ethnicity

Answer 23

Recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances that does not specifically impact everyday life

Question 24

Sexual orientation

Answer 24

Defined by one’s sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

Question 25

Immigration

Answer 25

Movement into a new geographic area

Question 26

Emigration

Answer 26

movement away from a geographic area

Question 27

Fertility rate

Answer 27

Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Question 28

Birth rate

Answer 28

relative to population size over time, usually measured as number of births per 1000 people per year

Question 29

Mortality rate

Answer 29

Average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 30

Migration

Answer 30

Movement of people from one geographic location to another

Question 31

Demographic transition

Answer 31

Model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

Question 32

Social movements

Answer 32

Organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

Question 33

Globalization

Answer 33

Process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

Question 34

Urbanization

Answer 34

Process of dance areas of population creating a pull for migration; aka creating cities

Question 35

Functionalism

Answer 35

Function of each component of society and how these components fit together