11-SPINE AND AXIAL SKELETON

Question 1

State the vertebrae parts and the number of vertebrae carry

Answer 1

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5 vertebrae)
Coccyx (1 vertebrae)

Question 2

Write the vertebrae in increasing size of body.

Answer 2

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar

Question 3

Has a long & pointy spinous process

Answer 3

thoracic

Question 4

has a short, thick & blunt spinous process

Answer 4

Lumbar

Question 5

Has a C3-C6 BIFID spinous process

Answer 5

Cervical

Question 6

Articulation between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone

Answer 6

Atlanto- Occipital joint

Question 7

Atlanto-Occipital joint: type, subtype and action

Answer 7

Synovial, condyloid
Flexion-extension (10-15 deg)
Slight lateral motion

Question 8

Articulation of the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)

Answer 8

Atlantoaxial joint

Question 9

Atlantoaxial joint: type, subtype and action

Answer 9

Synovial, pivot

Rotation of head- 50 deg

Question 10

Luschka’s joint

Articulation between vertebral body of C3- C7 and the uncinate process

Answer 10

Unconvertebral joint

Question 11

Unconvertebral joint: types and action

Answer 11

Synovial and cartilaginous
Flexion and extension
Some rotation

Question 12

Special joints of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 12

Costovertebral joint

Costotranverse joint

Question 13

Costovertebrae joint and costotransverse joint

Answer 13

• Articulation between the head of the rib and the body of the thoracic vertebrae
• Articulation between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
• Synovial plane joints
• they allow small degree of gliding to move the ribs superiorly and posteriorly, to increase the volume of the rib cage.

Question 14

Articulation between the inferior articulating facet of the superior vertebrae to the superior articulating facet of the inferior vertebrae

Answer 14

Zygapophyseal (facet) joint

Question 15

Zygapophyseal (facet) joint: type and action

Answer 15

synovial
Guide and limits movement of the segments of the spinal column- Prevents hyper-extension, hyperflexion and herniation of intervertebral discs

Question 16

Articulation between adjacent vertebral bodies

Answer 16

Intervertebral joint

Question 17

Intervertebral joint: type and movement

Answer 17

Cartilaginous

Minimal/slight movement

Question 18

Articulation between L5 and the first segment of the sacrum S1 (L5- S1)

Answer 18

Lumbrosacral joint

Question 19

Lumbrosacral joint: type and movement

Answer 19

Cartilaginous-symphysis

Slight movement

Question 20

Articulation between the coxal bone and the sacrum (as we age, this joint solidifies, children have more movement)

Answer 20

Sacroiliac joint

Question 21

Sacroiliac joint: type, movement

Answer 21

Synovial-plane for children
Cartilaginous- Adult
Very slight movement

Question 22

Spine range of motion

Answer 22

Flexion & extension (-30- 90)
Lateral flexion (30)
Rotation (30)

Question 23

AKA inverterbral cartilage and is a cartilaginous joint (shock absorber)

Answer 23

Intervertebral disc

Question 24

Each disc consists of an _______ (several layers of fibrocartilage) and an _________ (loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel)

Answer 24

outer annulus fibrous, inner nucleus pulposes

Question 25

How does an herniated disc happen?

Answer 25

Compressed nerve root

Question 26

Explain the S shape of the vertebral column

Answer 26

Cervical spine: 20-40 degrees Thoracic spine: 20-40 degrees Lumbar spine: 30-50 degrees

Question 27

What kind of curve development occurs when an infant lifts their head or learns to walk?

Answer 27

Lordotic curve- concave development

Question 28

What kind of curve development occurs during fetal development?

Answer 28

Kyphotic curve- convex development

Question 29

State the 5 spinal ligaments

Answer 29

1. Cruciate 2. Interspinous 3. ligamentum flava 4. Anterior & posterior longitudinal 5. supraspinous

Question 30

position and function of the cruciate ligament (cross-shaped ligament)

Answer 30

tranverse ligament(on atlas) strongest part of cruciate lig Vertical fibres attach to the occipital bone and to the body of the axis Function: hold dens in place against atlas

Question 31

Position and function of the interspinous ligament

Answer 31

Connects adjacent posterior spines large angle of obliquity Function: limit flexion, helps facet joints stay in contact

Question 32

Position and function of ligamentum flava

Answer 32

Connects laminae of vertebrae 80% elastin (stretchy), 20% collagen (strong) Function: limits flexion, highly elastic, elastin prevents buckling into the spinal canal during extension

Question 33

Position and function of anterior & posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 33

Ribbon-like ligaments Attach at vertebral bodies and annulus Function: anterior resists excessive extension posterior resists excessive flexion

Question 34

Position and function of supraspinous ligament

Answer 34

Connects tips of spinous process | Function: resists excessive flexion