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chapter 1 - basic science > 1.1 structure and function > Flashcards

1.1 structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

where am I derived from? (1) epidermis (2) dermis (3) melanocytes

A
  1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. neural crest cells

ectoderm (MEAN) - Merkel cell, melanocytes, epidermis, adnexal structure, nerves

mesoderm - langerhan cell, inflamm cells, vessels, fibroblasts

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2
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis

A

corneum, lucidum (only hands/feet), granular (profilaggrin, cornified envelope), spinosum (ceramide), basale (ornithine decarboxylase)

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3
Q

what are the different types of junctions?

A

desmosomes - connects epidermis to keratin, includes desmoglien, desmocollin, desmoplakin, plakophilin, plakoglobin, etc

tight junctions - tight seal against water loss in granular layer, includes occludins and claudins

adherens junctions - attaches to actin, includes plakoglobin, beta catenin, alpha catenin

gap junctions - connexons, helps with intercellular communnication

**plakoglobin in adherens and desmosomes

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4
Q

s. granulosum (keratin ___ and _____)
s. spinosum (keratin ___ and _____)
s. basale (keratin ___ and _____)

A
  • keratin 2, 11
  • keratin 1,10
  • keratin 5, 14
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5
Q

what does ornithine decarboxylase do?

A

cellular proliferation from basal layer and up; stimulated by various factors including trauma and UV. Inhibited by retinoids, steroids, and vit D

needs CALCIUM??

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6
Q

Where is the cornified cell envelope ?

A

granular layer

  • reinforced by LORICRIN which starts with TRANSGLUTAMINASE 1

**where is the defect? TG1 - lamellar ichthyosis, TG3 - dermatitis herpetiformis

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7
Q

type I keratins (acidic)

type II keratins (basic)

A
  • K9-28, K31-40, chromosome 17

- K1-8, K81-86, chromosome 12

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8
Q

what interleukins do keratinocytes produce?

A

IL-1/6/8/10/12, TNF alpha (basically a th1 response?)

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9
Q
  1. what is responsible for the production of melanocytes?

2. the maturation and migration of melanocytes?

A
  1. MC1-R, defect responsible for red hair (think increased pheomelanin/eumelanin)
  2. c-kit, defect a/w piebaldism and mucosal/acral melanoma
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10
Q

what is the difference btw pheomelanin and eumelanin?

A

pheomelanin (red/yellow), eumelanin (brown/black)

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11
Q

Positive immunostains for langerhan cells?

A

CD1a, S100, CD207 (**latter is most sensitive and called langerin)

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12
Q

positive immuostain for Merkel cell

A

CK20+

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13
Q

what is a Merkel cell vs. langerhan cell vs. glomus cell?

A

Merkel cell - mechanoreceptor of hands, lips, mouth, and hair

langerhan cell - major antigen presenting cell (APC) of the skin

glomus cell - smooth muscle cells which allow for blood shunting from arterioles to venules, seen in hands and feet

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14
Q

the dermis is mainly composed of COLLAGEN

A

Collagen I (primary collagen), Collagen III (vascular, fetal skin, GI, scars/keloids), Collagen V

dependent on VITAMIN C

**defect in Ehlers danlos (classic EDS defect COL5, vascular EDS COL3, arthrochalasia EDS COL1)

Collagen I/III normal ratio: 5 to 1
Collagen I/III keloid ratio: 20 to 1

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15
Q

what is the dermis composed of (specifically extracellular matrix)?

A

collagen & elastic fibers surrounded by ground substance (#1 HYALURONIC ACID)

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16
Q

There are 3 different types of adnexal structures (eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous glands)

A

eccrine - palms/soles, cholinergic (acetylcholine)

apocrine - genitalia, axillae, lips, external ear, breast, periumbilical region; adrenergic (catecholamine)

sebaceous - face, upper trunk; adrenergic (catecholamine)

17
Q

ectopic sebaceous glands:

  1. meibomian glands
  2. zeis glands
  3. fordyce spots
  4. montgomery tubercles
  5. Tysons glands
A
  1. eyelid tarsal plate
  2. eyelid margin
  3. lips
  4. areola, nipple
  5. labia minora/prepuce
18
Q

specialized nerve endings:

  1. Krause end bulbs
  2. meissner’s corpuscle
  3. pacinian corpuscle
  4. merkel nerve ending
  5. Ruffini corpuscle
A
  1. genitalia, perianal region, lips “KRAZY KRAUSE IN EROTIC AREAS”
  2. light touch of fingers
  3. vibration
  4. pressure/touch
  5. sustained pressure, fingernails
19
Q

what are the layers of the hair follicle (inner to outer)?

A

medulla, cortex, inner root sheath (cuticle, huxley, henle), outer root sheath, glassy membrane

20
Q

phases of hair cycle?

A

anagen, catagen, telogen, exogen

21
Q

what are the 3 phases of wound healing?

A
  1. inflammatory - < 1 week, platelets/fibrin/neutrophils + MACROPHAGES
  2. proliferative - < 1 month, keratinocytes/collagen/myofibroblasts
  3. remodeling - > 1 month, collagen/fibroblast
22
Q

scar strength @ 1 week, then @ 3 weeks, then @ 3 months, then @ 1 year

A

5%, 20%, 50%, and 80%

23
Q

innate vs. adaptive immunity

which cells are involved in each and what is the difference between the 2?

A

innate - no memory cells, just what you are born with. cannot recognize self-antigens, just foreign antigens. includes dendritic cells, NK cells, phagocytes, and granulocytes

adaptive - relies on memory cells. can recognize self and foreign antigens. includes dendritic cells, B and T cells

24
Q

which cytokine promotes TH1 pathway? TH2 pathway? TH17 pathway?

A
  1. IL12
  2. IL4
  3. IL23

TH1 pathway - promotes IL2, IL12, TNF alpha, IFN gamma (e.g. psoriasis, tub leprosy)
TH2 pathway - promotes IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL13 (e.g. atopic derm, lepromatous leprosy)
TH17 pathway - promotes IL6, IL17, IL22, IL 23, IL 36, and TNF alpha

25
Q

What is the clinical correlation with TLR2 and TLR7

A

TLR2 is activated by P.acnes and TLR7 is blocked by imiquimod

26
Q

what are the markers of B cells? T cells? langerhan cells? natural killer cells?

A
  1. CD19, CD20
  2. CD2/3/4/8
  3. S100, CD207 (langerin), CD1a
  4. CD56
27
Q

which is the only Ab that crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

28
Q

what is the importance of HBD-2 (human beta defensin), an antimicrobial peptide?

A

upregulated in psoriasis, downregulated in atopic derm

29
Q

MHC locus in humans is known as the HLA human leukocyte antigen. What chromosome is it on?

A

chromosome 6

30
Q

MHC class I

A

CD8+ cells
expressed on all nucleated cells
presents antigens from endogenous peptides

31
Q

MHC class II

A

CD4+ cells
expressed on APC
endocytosis of extracellular antigens

chapter 1 - basic science (2 decks)

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