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PE IGCSE > 1.1 The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

1.1 The structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 14 bones in the body:

A
  1. Cranium
  2. vertebrae
  3. humerus
  4. sternum
  5. radius
  6. ulna
  7. femur
  8. patella
  9. fibula
  10. tibia
  11. talus
  12. scapula
  13. Ribs
  14. pelvis
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2
Q

What bones are at the neck?

A

cranium and vertebrae

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3
Q

What bones are at the shoulder?

A

scapula and humerus

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4
Q

What bones are at the chest?

A

ribs and humerus

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5
Q

What bones are at the elbow and where are they each positioned?

A

humerus (longest), radius and ulna (the ulna is located on the pinky side and the radius on your thumb side)

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6
Q

What bones are at the hip?

A

Pelvis and femur

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7
Q

What bones are at the knee?

A

femur and tibia, the patella sits in front of
the knee joint)

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8
Q

What bones are at the ankle?

A

tibia (Larger bones on inside), fibula (Smaller bones on outside) and talus.

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • storage of minerals
  • structural shape and points for muscle attachment
  • movement
  • protection
  • blood cell production

SiMP SiMP

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10
Q

How does the skeletal system provide support?

A

The bones are solid and rigid (unable to bend). They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body (the muscles and organs) in place.

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11
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

Flat bones protect vital ograns. Bones in the cranium protect the brain, the ribs ad sternum protects the heart and lungs.

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12
Q

How does the skeletal system provide movement?

A

The skeleton provides anchorage points for the muscles to pull against. Movement occurs at a joint which is a place where 2 or more bones meet. Movement occurs by muscles pulling on bones when the muscle contracts.

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13
Q

How does the skeletal system provide structural shape and a point for attachment?

A

The skeleton gives us our general shape, such as height and build. Tall people have long leg bones and larger vertebrae. The skeleton also provides anchorage points for the muscles to attach, so when they contract we move.

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14
Q

How does the skeletal system provide mineral storage?

A

Bones store minerals, namely calcium and phosphorous. They are vital for strong bones.

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15
Q

How does the skeletal system provide blood cell production?

A

The inner marrow of the long bones and ribs produces red and white blood cells as well as platelets. Red blood cells are important in activities because they carry oxygen to the working muscles. White blood cells are important to fight off inflections in order to keep healthy. Platelets help clotting a cut.

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16
Q

What are the different shapes and types of bones?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • irregular bones
  • flat bones
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17
Q

What is the purpose of short bones?

A

Short bones carry out small or fine movement. e.g. a wrist spinner bowling in cricket.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of long bones?

A

They are the bones of the arms and legs and they support the weight of the body and help with large or gross movements

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19
Q

What is the purpose of irregular bones?

A
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20
Q

What is the purpose of flat bones?

A
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21
Q

Name the 13 muscles you need to know in the body:

A
  • Rotator cuffs
  • Pectorals
  • Biceps
  • Abdominals
  • Hip flexors
  • Quadriceps (group)
  • Hamstring (group)
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Deltoid
  • Triceps
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • gluteals
  • gastrocnemius
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22
Q

What is the large muscle in the middle of the back?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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23
Q

What is the muscles in the shoulder?

A

Deltoid

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24
Q

What muscles is located in the shoulder and helps with football throw ins?

A

Rotator cuffs

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25
What muscle is the largest muscles on the chest?
pectoral
26
What muscles is located in the front of the upper arm?
Biceps
27
What muscle is located in the back of the upper arm?
triceps
28
What are the core muscles in the front of the trunk?
Abdominals
29
What muscles if located in the top of the leg and is responsible for the flexion of the hip?
Hip flexors
30
What are the large muscles located in the buttocks?
Gluteals
31
what is the muscle group in the back of the upper leg?
hamstring groups
32
what is the muscle group in the front of the upper leg?
quadricep groups
33
What is the muscles of the calf?
Gastrocnemius
34
What muscle is located next to the tibia in the front of the lower leg?
Tibilais anterior
35
What is the role of a tendon?
Attaches muscle to bone
36
What is a synovial joint?
Where 2 or more bones meet within a joint capsule and allows a wide range of movements to occur
37
List parts of the synovial joints:
- bone - muscle - cartilage - bursa - synovial membrane - ligament - joint capsule - synovial fluid
38
What is a cartilage?
a tough elastic fibrous connective tissue
39
What are ligament?
tough, flexible tissue that stabilises the joint. connects bones together.
40
What is a tendon?
a tough, flexible fibrous tissue that joins muscle to bone
41
What is the role of cartilage in a joint?
acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction. less friction means less wear and tear
42
What is the role of ligaments in a joint?
connects bone to bone, stabilising the join. Absorbs some impact and prevents dislocation
43
What is the role of tendons in a joint?
connects muscle to bone and so allows movement to occur
44
What is the role of bursae in a joint?
Acts as a cushion and reduces friction
45
What is the role of joint capsule in a joint?
seals the joint and provides stability
46
What is the role of synovial membrane in a joint?
secretes synovial fluid to keep joint lubricated
47
How does a synovial joint prevent injury?
- acts as a shock absorber - Helps preventing friction and wear and tear - Waste removal
48
What are the two types of synovial joints you need to know?
- Ball and socket - Hinge
49
What are the characteristic of a synovial joint?
- freely moveable - bones that 'meet' covered in cartilage at end - connected by joint capsule - lubricated by synovial joint - the bursae acts as a 'cushion'
50
Which type of synovial joint can move more freely?
ball and socket
51
how many planes can a ball and socket move in?
3 planes
52
What is the role of tendons in a joint?
1 plane
53
What movement does a synovial joint allow?
Movement that is like opening and closing a door: - extension and flexion - plantar and dorsi flexion (ankle only)
54
What are some examples of hinge joints?
- elbow - formed between the humerus (upper arm) and radius (lower arm) - Knee - formed between the femur (upper leg) and tibia. the patella sits in front of the femur - Ankle - formed between the tibia, fibula and talus in the foot
55
What movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
- flexion and extension - rotation - circumduction - abduction and adduction
56
What are some examples of ball and socket joint?
- hip - formed between the femur and the pelvis - the shoulder - formed between the humerus and scapula
57
How do the bones move?
They move via muscle attachment via tendons. The muscles PULL on the bones.
58
What is defined as movement way from mid-line of body?
Abduction
59
What is an example of abduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint: ball and socket joint Examples: Hip : gymnast performing a straddle shoulder : performing a crucifix in gymnastics (where you raise you arms out to the side) or A backhand in tennis
60
What is defined as movement towards the mid-line of the body?
Adduction
61
What is an example of abduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint: ball and socket joint Examples: Shoulder: A forehand in tennis hip: cross over leg when throwing a javelin
62
What is defined as movement of the foot downwards away from the ankle?
Plantar flexion
63
What is an example of plantar flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint: hinge joint Examples: Ankles: pointing toes when bouncing on a trampoline
64
What is defined as movement of the foot upwards towards the shin?
Dorsi flexion
65
What is an example of Dorsi flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial joint ; hinge joint Examples: Ankles: foot of lead leg when hurdling.
66
What is defined as the circular movement at a joint in the shape of a cone, allows 360 degrees movement
Circumduction
67
What is an example of circumduction in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
synovial : ball and socket joint Examples: Shoulder: actions at shoulder when swimming butterfly hip : a step over in football
68
What is defined as the the movement of a bone as it rotates around its longitudinal axis?
Rotation
68
What is an example of rotation in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
Synovial joint : ball and socket joint Examples: Shoulders: swimming front crawl, bowling in cricket Hip: When driving a golf ball
69
What is defined as decreasing the angle at a joint?
Flexion
70
What is an example of flexion in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
Synovial joint: Hinge and ball and socket joint Examples: Elbow: Downward phase of press up, preparation phase of football throw in. Shoulder: end of bowl in softball Knee: Preparing to kick a ball, running, squat down Hip: leg moving from long jumper land and when running.
71
What is defined as increasing the angle at a joint?
Extension
72
What is an example of extension in sport and what type of synovial joint can carry out this movement?
Synovial joint : hinge joint and ball and socket joint Examples: Elbow: Release phase of football throw in, upwards phase of press up Knee: Follow through after kicking a ball, squat up Hip: leg moving upwards and forwards when running, follow through in kicking ball. Shoulder: arm movement of simmer backwards prior to dive out start
73
What is an antagonistic pair?
They are 2 muscles that work together to bring movement. As one muscles contracts, the opposing muscles relaxes, allowing the contracting muscles to pull on the bone ( via attachment with a tendon)
74
What do antagonistic pairs allow?
They allow for movement in 2 directions.
75
Do muscles pull or push on bones?
The muscles pull on the bones they don't push.
76
What are the names for the 2 different muscles in the antagonistic pairs?
- agonist - antagonist
77
What is the agonist?
The agonist is the prime mover. This is the muscles that works to control movement. This muscle contracts.
78
What is the antagonist?
The antagonist is the muscle that works opposite the agonist. This muscle relaxes
79
What are the names of the 2 different types of muscle contrations?
- isometric - isotonic
80
What is an isometric contraction?
Where the muscle is contracted, but the length remains the same e.g. holding a handstand
81
What is an isotonic contraction?
The muscle moves under pressure. It shortens and lengths. e.g. a tricep extension, press up.
82
What is the name of the concraction that occurs when the muscles shortens?
Concentric
83
What is the name of the contraction that occurs when the lengthens?
Eccentric
84
An example of an antagonistic pair is a bicep and tricep give the following: - type of synovial joint - where the movement occurs - And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Hinge - at the elbow - Flexion --> extension
85
An example of an antagonistic pair is a quadriceps and hamstring give the following: - type of synovial joint - where the movement occurs - And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Hinge - Knee - Flexion --> extension
86
An example of an antagonistic pair is a Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior give the following: - type of synovial joint - where the movement occurs - And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Hinge - Ankle - Plantar flexion --> dorsi flexion
87
An example of an antagonistic pair is a hip flexors and glueteals give the following: - type of synovial joint - where the movement occurs - And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- Ball and Socket - Hip - Flexion --> extension
88
An example of an antagonistic pair is a deltoid and Latissimus dorsi give the following: - type of synovial joint - where the movement occurs - And the type of movement that occurs at the joint
- NA - Shoulder - Flexion --> Extension
89
What are the associated movements - Rotator cuffs
Rotation at shoulder
90
What are the associated movements - Pectorals
Adduction of the arm
91
What are the associated movements - biceps
flexion of the arm
92
What are the associated movements - abdominals
Flexion of the trunk/vertebrae
93
What are the associated movements - Hip flexors
flexion of leg at the hip
94
What are the associated movements - Quadriceps
Extension of the leg at the knee ( involved in circumducution )
95
What are the associated movements - Tibilias Anterior
Dorsi flexion of the ankle
96
What are the associated movements - Deltoid
Abduction of the arm
97
What are the associated movements - Triceps
Extension of the arm
98
What are the associated movements - Latissimus Dorsi
Adduction at the shoulder
99
What are the associated movements - gluteals
Extension of leg at hip
100
What are the associated movements - hamstrings
Flexion of leg at the knee
101
What are the associated movements - gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion of the ankle

PE IGCSE (9 decks)

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