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Alevel Biology > 1.1 What is cardiovascular disease? > Flashcards

1.1 What is cardiovascular disease? Flashcards

1
Q

What do veins transport? (2)

A
  • Oxygenated blood to the body

- Deoxygenated blood to the heart

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2
Q

What do arteries transport? (2)

A
  • Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

- Oxygenated blood to the body

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3
Q

What do the arteries regulate?

A

Blood pressure

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4
Q

What is blood pressure like in the arteries?

A

High

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5
Q

What do capillaries transfer to and from cells? (3)

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Waste materials
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6
Q

How thick are capillary walls?

A

One cell thick

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7
Q

What is blood pressure like in the capillaries?

A

Low

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8
Q

What is the function of circulatory systems in animals?

A

The transport oxygen carbon dioxide and waste products from metabolic reactions around the body

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9
Q

How do single cell organisms survive without a transport system?

A

They have a small volume to surface area ratio meaning they can instead only use diffusion and don’t need blood to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste

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10
Q

What are amoebas?

A

Single cell organisms

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11
Q

What are the components which make up the circulatory system? (3)

A
  • Heart
  • Vessels
  • Blood
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12
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

When ‘blood’ is called the haemolymph and travels through short vessels and into a large cavity called the haemocoel

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13
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

When blood is fully enclosed within blood vessels at all times.

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14
Q

What is a double circulatory system? (2)

A

When there is a 4 chambered heart which blood goes through twice.
The Blood is separated - oxygenated/deoxygenated.

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15
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The one loop where blood goes off to the lungs to pick up oxygen

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16
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Where blood goes to the rest of the body and not the lungs.

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17
Q

How do vessels maintain blood pressure? (2)

A
  • By expanding to reduce pressure

- By recoiling to reduce pressure

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18
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

They prevent the backflow of blood

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19
Q

What is the amount of elastic tissue like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

A
  • A = Large amount
  • V = Small amount
  • C = None
20
Q

What is the amount of smooth muscle like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

A
  • A = Relatively large amount
  • V = Small amount
  • C = None
21
Q

What is the is the thickness of walls like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

A
  • A = Relatively thick
  • V = Relatively thin
  • C = One cell thick
22
Q

What is the endothelium like in the arteries, veins and capillaries and why? (3)

A
  • A = Smooth to allow fast flow of blood
  • V = Smooth to allow fast flow of blood
  • C = Thin with pores to allow for quick exchange of substances with tissues
23
Q

What is the presence of valves like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

A
  • A = Only in the aorta and pulmonary artery as they leave the heart
  • V = Many
  • C = None
24
Q

What is the diameter of the lumen like in the arteries, veins and capillaries? (3)

A
  • A = Relatively small
  • V = Relatively large
  • C = Tiny
25
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

It checks your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors are attached to the chest to detect electrical impulse

26
Q

What can electrocardiograms be used to find?

A
  • Arrhythmias (Irregular beats)
  • Coronary heart disease (heart’s blood supply is blocked by fat build ups)
  • Heart attacks (supply of blood is blocked suddenly)
  • Cardiomyopathy (Heart walls become thickened or enlarged)
27
Q

What is the SAN and what’s its function?

A

Sino-atrial node: the patch of muscles in the heart which control the heart rate (pace-maker)

28
Q

What is the AVN and what is its function?

A

Atrio-ventricular node: a small patch of conducting fibres

29
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have?

A

Closed

30
Q

What are the components of blood and what are their functions? (4)

A
  • Platelets (cause blood clotting)
  • Red blood cells (They transport nutrients and waste clots around the body using the circulatory system)
  • White blood cells (part of the immune system, Produce antibodies, antitoxins and engulf pathogens)
  • Plasma (the liquid that the other components move in, contains urea.)
31
Q

What is thromboplastin? (2)

A
  • A protein

- An activated enzyme

32
Q

What are the six stages of the simplified blood clotting cascade?

A
  • Platelets stick to a damaged wall forming a platelet plug.
  • Thromboplastin is then released from the damaged tissue and platelets
  • Thromboplastin activates an enzyme which converts prothrombin (protein) into thrombin (enzyme)
  • For this to happen you must have vitamin K and calcium ions in the blood
  • Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) - forms a sticky mesh which sticks everything together
  • A mesh of fibres traps more platelets forming a clot
33
Q

What is Fibrinogen converted into? What does this then form?

A
  • Fibrin

- A mesh

34
Q

What two things do you need to cause blood clotting?

A
  • Vitamin K

- Calcium ions

35
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

A heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate

36
Q

What doe thromboplastin cause the conversion of?

A

Prothrombin to Thrombin

37
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The muscle contracts automatically without the need of an electrical impulse

38
Q

What is the solubilty of fibrinogen and fibrin?

A
  • Fibrinogen = Soluble

- Fibrin = Insoluble

39
Q

What are the 7 stages of simplified atherosclerosis?

A
  • Endothelium of artery damaged (eg by high pressure)
  • Once lining is breached you get an inflammatory response and WBC enter artery wall
  • These cells accumulate cholesterol and an atheroma (fatty deposit) builds up
  • CA salts and fibrous tissue builds up resulting in a plaque
  • This plaque decreases elasticity and the artery hardens and the lumen narrows
  • Blood pressure increases
  • This is positive feedback. Increasing BP = more plaques and more damage
40
Q

Why does atherosclerosis only occur in the arteries?

A

They have a higher risk because the blood is at a higher pressure meaning that the walls get damaged

41
Q

Do you need an atheroma to form a blood clot?

A

No

42
Q

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis? (2)

A
  • Coronary heart disease

- Stroke

43
Q

What are the symptoms of coronary heart disease? (4)

A
  • Angina
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Tiredness
44
Q

What are the symptoms of stroke? (6)

A
  • Numbness
  • Dizziness
  • Confusion
  • Slurred speech
  • Blurred or lost vision
  • Paralysis on one side
45
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain

46
Q

What is coronary heart disease? And what is it caused by?

A

The narrowing of the coronary arteries which limits the amount of oxygen-rich blood reaching the heart. It is a condition caused by atherosclerosis.

47
Q

Why does CHD cause angina?

A

It causes the excessive exertion of the cardiac muscle as it is working harder and needs to respire more

Alevel Biology (6 decks)

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