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Exam - M - GI Diseases > Oesophageal Cancer + Achalasia > Flashcards

Oesophageal Cancer + Achalasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

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2
Q

Which type of oesophageal cancer is most common?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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3
Q

What are the risk factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma?

A 
Alcohol
smoking
Hot drinks 
Caustic strictures (swallowing bleach)
Plummer vinson syndrome
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4
Q

Where do squamous cell carcinomas usually occur?

A

upper 2/3rds of the oesophagus

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5
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas usually occur?

A

Lower 1/3rd of the oesophagus

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6
Q

What are the pain risk factors for adenocarcinoma?

A

GORD
Obesity
Male

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7
Q

What do the columnar cells in Barretts oesophagus produce?

A

Mucous

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8
Q

What is the gastrooesophageal junction?

A

the junction between the columnar epithelium in the stomach and the squamous epithelium in the oesophagus

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9
Q

What are risk factors for any type of oesophageal cancer?

A

smoking
>60
achalasia

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10
Q

How does achalasia in oesophageal cancer present?

A

PROGRESSIVE - you start off with trouble swallowing solids then end up finding it hard to swallow liquids

(Other causes of achalasia have bad achalasia from the start, it isn’t usually progressive).

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophageal cancer?

A 
Asymptomatic for long time
progressive dysphagia 
odynophagia
heartburn
vomiting
weight loss
pain in chest or. back
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12
Q

what are complications of oesophageal cancer?

A

tracheal fistula - leading to aspiration pneumonia
lung cancer
head and neck cancer (smoking is a common cause in them all)

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13
Q

What is the investigations for oesophageal cancer?

A

endoscopy + Biopsy

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14
Q

What is treatment for initial stages of cancer?

A

oesophagectomy (using stomach as oesophagus)
endoscopic tumour resection
mucosal ablation using radiofrequency

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15
Q

What is the treatment for more severe oesophageal cancer?

A

chemotherapy + surgery

palliative treatment with oesophageal stent to reduce dysphagia

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16
Q

What is achalasia?

A

A condition of unknown cause which cause failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax, very rarely it is associated with cancer

17
Q

What are the signs of achalasia?

A 
regurgitation
aspiration
dysphagia
retrosternal chest pain
heart burn
mild weight loss
18
Q

What investigations can be done for achalasia?

A

Barium swallow - bird black appearance

CLASSIC

19
Q

what is the treatment for achalasia?

A

BOTOX
Calcium channel blocker
nitrites
hellers myotome

Exam - M - GI Diseases (35 decks)

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