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Immunology Infection And Inflammation > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

Defence against threats of disease of pathogens and some tumors

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2
Q

What are the two arms of the innate immune system?

A

Cellular and humoral

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3
Q

What does the humoral response utilise?

A

Utilises pattern receptors, enzymes and cytokines

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4
Q

What does the cellular response utilise?

A

Utilise phagocytes and naturka killer cells

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5
Q

4 signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor (redness)
Tumor (swelling)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)

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6
Q

How is inflammation caused?

A

When skin is damaged histamine (or another chemical sugnal) is released. This causes dialation and icnreased permiability if local blood vessels cause migration of phagocytes to consume bacteria and cell debris

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7
Q

What is PRR?

A

Pathogenic recognition recpetors

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8
Q

What an example of a PRR?

A

Toll like receptor

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9
Q

What are the parts if bacteria that PRR recognise?

A

Theyre called PAMPs pathogen associated molecular patterns

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10
Q

What is an example if a PRR and PAMP couple?

A

PRR- toll like recpetor 4 TR4

PAMP-lipopolyaacchride found on bacteria membranes

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11
Q

When PAMPs bind to TRs what are the two pathways?

A

MyD88 and TRIF pathways

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12
Q

What does the MyD88 pathway trigger?

A

This pathway triggers the TF, NF-KB which increases transcription aof inflammatory genes.

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13
Q

What does the TRIF pathway trigger?

A

TRIF pathway triggers TFs called IRFs which increase expression of interferons.

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14
Q

What is the MyD88 pathway?

A

MyD88 uses a universal TIR adaptor to bind to the TLR. MyD88 promotes association of IRAK1 and 4. 4 phosphorylates 1 allowing binding if TRAF6 once dimerise with IRAK1. Complexes wirh TAK1 which activates NGkappaB and MAP kinase pathways increasing transcription.

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15
Q

Whats thep prpose of an NK cell (natural killer)?

A

Immune surveillance of cancer and viral infected cells

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16
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Antigen presenting cell can also produce cytokines

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17
Q

Whats the purpose of a macrohpage?

A

Phagocytosis and cytokine production

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a neutrophil?

A

Phagocytosis and enzyme production

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19
Q

What do cytokine receptors signal too?

A

JAKs and STATS

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20
Q

What is a JAK?

A

Janus kinase- molecules when active (by cytokines) have tyrosine kinase activity phosphorylating allowing for SH2 binding if STATs

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21
Q

What are STATs?

A

Signal transducing and activator of transcription molecules- a tf that bonds DNA sequence that promotes transcription of GAS elements

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22
Q

What are GAS elements?

A

Gamma interferon activation sites

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23
Q

What two effects can cytokines cause?

A

Systemic or local

24
Q

Whats are local effects of cytokines?

A

Adhesion molecules, permeability ,flow rate and chemokine expression

25
Q

What are systemic effects of cytokines?

A

Liver (acute phase proteins)
Hypothalamus (fever)
Bone marrow (mobilisation)

26
Q

Name 5 cytokines:

A 
IL-1beta 
TNF-alpha
IL-6
IL-12
CXCL8
27
Q

What does cytokine IL-1beta do?

A

Activates vascular ednothelium,lymphocytes, local tissue destruction ans increases acess of local effector cells

28
Q

What does cytokine TNF-alpha do?

A

Increase vascular permeability, entry of IgG and incressed fluod drainage by lymphocytes

29
Q

What does cytokine iL-6 do?

A

Activated lymphocyte production/activation and increase antibody production

30
Q

What does cytokine CXCL8 do?

A

Chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils,basophils and Tcells to infection site

31
Q

What does cytokine IL-12 do?

A

Activates NK cells imduces differentiation of CD4 Tcells into T1 cells

32
Q

What is complement activation?

A

Complement activation is when one zymogen precursor is cleaved leading to the next cleavage and next after that .

33
Q

What are the 3 mamillian complement pathways?

A

Classic activation pathway
Mannose-lectin activation pathway
Alrernative activation pathway

34
Q

What complement components are used in the classic activation pathway?

A

-C1q,C1r, C1-S, C4,C2 and C3

35
Q

What complement componentd are used in the mannose-lectin activation pathway?

A

-MBL MASP1, MASP2, C4 ,C2 and C3

36
Q

What complement components are used in the alternative activation pathway?

A

C3, B,P and D

37
Q

Where do all complement pathways converge?

A

Proteolytic activation of C3

38
Q

What does C3 cause?

A

Proteins C5,C6,C7 and C8 complex to form poly-C9 (membrane attack complex) forms pores in membrane leading to lysis

39
Q

What does complement lead to?

A

Membrane attack complex making pores ending in lysis

40
Q

What is poly-C9?

A

Membrane attack complex

41
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Also known as polymorphnuclear leuocyte (PMN) are recruited first ton infections by interlupin 8 they detect a phagocytose pathogen with lysosomal killing mechanisms

42
Q

What are neutrophils known as?

A

Polymorphnuclear leuocyte

43
Q

How od neutrophils kill?

A

Lysosomal killing machanisms

44
Q

What is leukocyte extravation?

A

The movement of leukocytes outo f the circularory system and towards sore of tissue damage and infection

45
Q

What are the steps of leukocyte extravasation?

A

1) chemoattraction
2) tethering and rolling
3) migration througg cell wall

46
Q

What is chemoattraction in leukocyte extravasation?

A

The leukocyte stops moving with the blood and moves to vessel wall due to chemokines

47
Q

What is the tethering and rolling stage of leukocyte extravasation?

A

Leukocytes have L-selectin which bind onto the P and E selectins in the vessel wall. Both also bind to sialyl lewis X glucan epitope present on leukocyte

48
Q

How does full arrest of leukocyte movement occur in leukocyte extravasation?

A

Conformation change of integrin LFH-1 allows toght binding to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells

49
Q

How does the extravasation step of leukocytes occur?

A

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells into tissue attracted by chemokines ar site of infection

50
Q

Name 4 types of macrophages?

A

Kuppfer cell
Microglia
Osteoclast
Alveolar macrophage

51
Q

Where do you find the kuppfer macrophage?

A

In the liver

52
Q

Where do you find the microglia macrophage?

A

The Brain

53
Q

Where do you find osteoclast macrophage?

A

In the bone

54
Q

Where do you find alveolar macrophage?

A

The Lung

55
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

56
Q

How does phagocytosis occur?

A

Chemotaxis and adherence of the microbe, then you have ingestion of the microbe by pseudopods - forming a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome. Microbe is digested forming a residual body that is then expelled

57
Q

Mechanism of destruction for pathogens in phagocytosis?

A 
Acidification 
Toxic oxygen derived products 
Toxic nitrogen oxide 
Antimocrobial peptides 
Enzymes

Immunology Infection And Inflammation (7 decks)

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