Gastrointestinal Lecture 4 Digestion and Absorption Part 1 Intro to Dietary Nutrients

Question 1

digestion

Answer 1

process of breaking down large particles of food and high-molecular weight substances into small molecules

Question 2

absorbtion

Answer 2

movement of the products of digestion across the intestinal epithelium into the body

Question 3

macronutrients

Answer 3

required to be present in the diet in large amounts

• carbs
• fats
• proteins

Question 4

What maintains a healthy body?

Answer 4

balanced diet

Question 5

carbohydrates energy

Answer 5

Major energy source for humans (4 calories/gram)

Question 6

How is glucose obtained, stored and synthesized?

Answer 6

Glucose is an essential energy source for many human tissues

• obtained in the diet
• stored as glycogen
• synthesized via gluconeogenesis

Question 7

major forms of carbs

Answer 7

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

Question 8

non-digestible carbohydrates

Answer 8

dietary fiber

Question 9

Monosaccharides

Answer 9

glucose, fructose… simple sugar

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

Composed of two monosaccharide building blocks via hydrolysis

• sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 11

monosaccharides of sucrose, lactose, maltose,

Answer 11

sucrose → glucose + fructose

lactose → glucose + galactose

maltose → glucose + glucose

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

Polymers of sugar residues

• starch, glycogen

Question 13

dietary fibre

Answer 13

polysaccharides >>> cellulose

• Glucose polymer with alternating orientation of glucose residues, linked by hydrogen bonds

Question 14

fat energy

Answer 14

Major energy source for humans (9 calories/gram)

Question 15

Most abundant type of dietary fat?

Answer 15

is triglyceride (~90%)

Question 16

triglyceride structure

Answer 16

Question 17

Different fatty acyl compositions

Answer 17

> Saturated fatty acids
> mono-unsaturated fatty acids
> poly-unsaturated fatty acids

Question 18

fats

Answer 18

mixtures of triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

Question 19

oils

Answer 19

mixtures of triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are called oil

Question 20

protein energy

Answer 20

Major energy source for humans (4 calories/gram)

Question 21

What is protein major source of?

Answer 21

Major source of building blocks for numerous biological functions (new proteins, neurotransmitters, etc.)

Question 22

Protein structures

Answer 22

> Primary structure
> Secondary structure
> Tertiary structure
> Quaternary structures
> Supramolecular protein assemblies

Question 23

primary protein structure

Answer 23

(linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain)

Question 24

secondary protein structure

Answer 24

structural motifs in the polypeptide chain; alpha-helices & beta-pleated sheets

Question 25

tert protein structure

Answer 25

three-dimensional structure formed by polypeptide chain

Question 26

quaternary protein structure

Answer 26

complexes with multiple polypeptide chains, hemoglobin

Question 27

Supramolecular protein assemblies

Answer 27

protein complexes, myofilaments, collagen fibrils

Question 28

Types of micronutrients

Answer 28

Vitamins

• Fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D)
• Water-soluble vitamins (B complex, C)

Trace elements

• Iron, iodine, Zinc,….