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anatomical terms and biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

anatomy

A

scientific study of the form and structure of the human body

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

study of the mechanical movement of the human body within the actions of external and internal forces

focuses on the effects of the “forces of life,” external and internal, on human mechanics, especially on skeletomuscular and joint structure and function

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3
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward or on the front of the body

EX: pectoralis major

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4
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward or on the back of the body

EX: rhomboid muscles

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5
Q

superior

A

above or toward the upper part of the body

EX: humerus is superior to the ulna

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6
Q

inferior

A

below, toward the lower part of the body

EX: tibia is inferior to the femur

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7
Q

proximal

A

closest to the point of origin from the center of the body

EX: knee is proximal to the ankle

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8
Q

distal

A

furthest from the point of origin from the center of the body
EX: the ankle is distal to the hip

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9
Q

medial

A

towards the middle of the body

EX: the sternum is medial to the humerus

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10
Q

lateral

A

away from the middle of the body

EX: the arms are lateral to the chest

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11
Q

peripheral

A

towards the extremities

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12
Q

deep muscle

A

towards the inner body

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13
Q

superficial

A

toward outer surface

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14
Q

anatomical positioning

A

relative to the body or to the other structures, respectively when standing upright with palms facing forward

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15
Q

kinesiology

A

study of anatomy, physiology and mechanics of the human movement, also known as human kinetics

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16
Q

biology

A

study of life and living matter, including structure and function

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17
Q

kinematics

A

branch of biomechanics that specifically studies the time taken to carry out an activity

TIME TAKEN TO CARRY OUT AN ACTIVITY

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18
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the body or body part’s midline; lifting up arms to a horizontal position at your side

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19
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the body or body part’s midline; lowering your arm from the horizontal position back down to your side

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20
Q

flexion

A

the bending of a joint that decreases the angle; bending at the elbow

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21
Q

extension

A

the straightening of a joint that increases the angle; straightening at the elbow

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22
Q

circumduction

A

motion of a circular movement, like rotating the foot around the ankle; arm circles is an example

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23
Q

what movements are involved in circumduction

A

abduction, adduction, flexion and extension movements in a ball-and-socket joint

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24
Q

rotation

A

internal rotation is the movement of the body part about its axis turning inward or toward the center/midline of the body

external rotation is the movement of the body part turning outward or away from the center/midline of the body

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25
Q

protraction

A

forward (anterior) movement of a body part; generally referring to scapulae and skull/cervical spine

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26
Q

retraction

A

backward (posterior) movement of a body part; generally referring to scapulae and skull/cervical spine

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27
Q

hypoextension

A

extension that is less than normal, under-extenderd; not being able to extend at the knee because of a tight hamstring

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28
Q

hyperextension

A

extension beyond normal limits, over extended; a body part or joint is bent backwards too far

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29
Q

gliding

A

movement of non-angular joints over each other

** two bones slide upon each other thus permitting only back and forth and side to side motions **

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30
Q

deviation

A

departure from the midline

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31
Q

movements specific to only the hands/palms and feet

A 
pronation
supination
inversion
eversion
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
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32
Q

pronation

A

palm of hand turning downward into a posterior position when arm is down at side; the inward roll of the foot/arch decreased during normal walking motion

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33
Q

supination

A

palm of hand turning upward into an anterior position when arm is down at side; the outward roll of the foot, ‘under-pronation’/arch heightened during normal
walking motion

34
Q

inversion

A

turning both feet inward so the soles face each other

35
Q

eversion

A

turning both feet outward so the soles face away from each other

36
Q

dorsiflexion

A

(ankle) pointing foot up towards the shin

37
Q

plantar flexion

A

(ankle) pointing foot downward (e.g. going up on tiptoes)

38
Q

types of muscle contractions

A

isometric
isokinetic
isotonic concentric
isotonic eccentric

39
Q

muscle contractions

A

allow for the given muscle to perform work and move within its range of motion (ROM) or the degree of freedom for which a joint can move through, usually referring to its full range of flexion and extension

40
Q

isometric contraction

A

load on the muscle is greater than the generated tension, results in no movement taking place

tension is developed but no mechanical work is done

muscle attempts to push or pull a load/object that is immovable or when you purposely hold a static position against resistance

NO APPRECIABLE JOINT MOVEMENT AND OVERALL LENGTH OF MUSCLE STAYS THE SAME

41
Q

isokinetic contraction

A

muscle contracts and shortens at a constant rate of speed, allows muscle to gain strength evenly all throguh the entire ROM

quickest method for incr muscle strength , but requires equipment that increases the load as it senses the contraction speeding up

CONS: specializes, expensive equipement… not commonly used

42
Q

isotonic contraction

A

simple contraction
load on the muscle is less than the generated tension, resulting in movement

tension is developed and mechanical work can be done, like when successfully pushing or pulling a load/object

43
Q

types of isotonic contractions

A

concentric contraction

eccentric contraction

44
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle belly decreases/shortens in length and the angle at the joint decreases
“positive part” of the repetition
brings the involved bones together
typically an active/voluntary action resulting in movement

45
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle belly decreases/shortens in length and the angle at the joint increases
“negative part” of the repetition where the controlled resistance is returned to the starting position of the exercise

contraction can be voluntary, in order to stimulate adaptation, or involuntary, in order to protect the joint

46
Q

planes of motion

A

human body is broken up into three primary planes or flat surfaces: frontal, sagital and transverse

these sections are cut/drawn through the center of the body and describe movement that is parallel to the plane

represent the planes of motion the body is capable of moving through; axis = stationary and invisible straight line around the body rotates

47
Q

functional movements are…

A

tri-planar or three dimensional in that all three planes will experience motion but typically we refer to the plane that the movement is biomechanically dominant

48
Q

sagittal plane

A

DIVIDES: right and left sides, lies vertically
MOTION: Flexion/Extension
EXAMPLES: Squat, Bicep Curl, Lunge, Walking
*PARASAGITTAL PLANE is any plane that runs parallel
to the sagittal plane

49
Q

frontal plane (aka coronal or lateral plane)

A

DIVIDES: front half (anterior) and back half
(posterior), lies vertically
MOTION: Abduction/Adduction
EXAMPLES: Lateral Raise, Pull-down, Side Bends,
Military Press

50
Q

transverse plane

A

DIVIDES: below (inferior) and above (superior)
parts, lies horizontally
MOTION: Internal Rotation/External Rotation
EXAMPLES: Rotation at waist (e.g. swinging a golf
club or baseball bat), Bench Press

51
Q

oblique

A

describes a diagonal movement, or a hybrid/combination of two planes; the angle or exact combination of planes, is not specified by terms

52
Q

what joints does flexion occur in

A

hinge and ball and socket joints

53
Q

elevation

A

motion of a limb superiorly, occurring only at the scapula (shoulder shrug)

54
Q

depression

A

opposite of elevation, at the scapula, when moving to an inferior position

55
Q

lateral flexion

A

side to side movement, bending the vertebrae in the frontal plane away from the midline in a lateral direction

56
Q

what joints does internal and external rotation occur in

A

ball and socket joints

57
Q

protraction/retraction

A

has to do with the scapulae moving along the sagittal plane, unilaterally or bilaterally

** if the shoulder joint moves into horizontal adduction, the action of protraction aides in adding range of motion to the upper extremity

58
Q

what joints are being exercised/worked significantly

A

hip and knee

59
Q

basic term for the movement of the hip and knee joint

A 
hip = extension 
knee = flexion
60
Q

at which positions should there be focus on control and holding the joint position as to avoid impingements/injuries?

A 
scapulae
spine
hips
knees
ankles
61
Q

bones and joints important facts

A

possess properties that are both rigid and elastic
ratio rigid:elastic increases overtime… reason why older adults have brittle bones

bones can bend/stretch to very small degrees… once limit is exceeded fractures can occur

bones are in a constant state of replacement

62
Q

adult bone structure is divided into two parts

A

axial skeleton: trunk or center of the body (80 bones)

appendicular skeleton: limbs and extremities (126 bones)

63
Q

long bones

A

Examples: clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

crucial for load bearing and mobility of the body

middle of the body (medullary cavity) contains cancellous bone (spongy bone with porous areas) that allow blood to pass through and bone marrow to be formed

64
Q

short bones

A

EX: carpels and tarsals

strength and compactness… provide stability and support but very limited movement

65
Q

flat bones

A

EX: cranium, scapula, ribs, sternum, ilium (pelvis)

very broad, flat plates… function mainly for protection and provision for muscular attachment

66
Q

irregular bones

A

EX: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible, hyoid

function as a point of attachment for various muscle as well as protection form the nervous system

67
Q

sesamoid bones

A

EX: joint bones in the hands, knee (patella) and feet

found where tendon passes over a joint… bone embedded in the tendon

these help to increase the tendons’ mechanical advantage and help protect tendons from flattening into the joint

68
Q

difference between cervical/lumbar vs thoracic spine

A

cervical/lumbar –> spine curves inward… allow for more extension/bending backwards

thoracic –> curves slightly outward… allows for more flexion/bending forward

69
Q

scoliosis

A

when the spine curves sideways in the transverse plane

70
Q

the spine is…

A

very strong… protecting the spinal cord and sensitive nerve roots
very flexible, allows for multi-planar movement
the base for attachment and structural support

71
Q

pelvic girdle is made up of

A

2 coxal (hip) bones made up of 3 fused parts

ilium (largest, uppermost part)
ischium (forms the lower and back part of the hip bone… is the strongest of the hip bones)
pubis (where the L and R hip bones join)

72
Q

pelvic girdle overview

A

In short, the pelvic girdle consists of 2 coxal (hip) bones, right and left, that join to the sacrum to complete the pelvis. The coxal bones (ilium, ischium and pubis), sacrum and two femoral (thigh) bones create a weight-bearing arch to accommodate the weight of the body and to withstand the impact forces from landing on the feet.

73
Q

the degree of movement possible at a joint depends on a number of factors, including:

A

• The type and structure of the joint
• The structure or shape of the articulating bones, which determines “fit”
• How flexible or inflexible the joint ligaments are. Tight ligaments restrict range of motion and direct the movement of the articulating bones on each other.
• The arrangement and strength of the associated
muscles and tendons. Tension of the muscle commonly reinforces ligaments.
• Soft tissue may limit mobility of a joint (e.g., the amount of flexion at the elbow may be limited by the amount of adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and skin of the forearm and upper arm).
• Hormone production, such as relaxin which is a protein hormone that increases in production to relax the joints in pregnant women to facilitate childbirth.

74
Q

stability and integrity of a joint is d/t

A

ligaments that connect the two bones together and how “snug” their fit is
more snug = less range of motion

75
Q

joints are primarily classified by…

A

structure and function

76
Q

structure of a joint

A

identified by how the bones connect to each other (What they are made of)

77
Q

function of a joint

A

identified by their ROM in the planes that the joint can move along at one time (how they move)

78
Q

three main structural classifications of joints

A

** identified by their function i.e. mobility **

ligamentous: immovable
cartilaginous: slightly moveable
synovial: highly moveable

79
Q

ligamentous/fibrous

A

no joint cavity
bound by strong, fibrous connective tissue

ex: btw bones of the skull

80
Q

cartilaginous

A

attached by cartilage or fibro-cartilaginous tissue

ex: growth regions in immature long bones (in children); discs btw spinal vertebrae

81
Q

synovial

A

joints have space btw articulating bones filled with synovial fluid
articular ends have cartilage (decr friction and cushions bones)

EX: ball and socket (Shoulder); pivot (elbow)

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