Chapter 19 + 20 test

Question 1

______________ is a system of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and universal rules

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

In ___________________, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Answer 2

Binomial Nomenclature

Question 3

The science of naming and grouping organisms is called __________________

Answer 3

Systematics

Question 4

What is the goal of systematics

Answer 4

The main goal of systematics is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning

Question 5

Linnaeus developed a classification system that organized species into taxa based on similarities and differences he could see. List the seven hierarchical taxa included in his original classification system

Answer 5

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom

Question 6

The total number of kingdoms is now six. The six-kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms________, __________, ____________, ___________, ____________, ___________

Answer 6

Eubacteria, Protista, Plantae, Archaebacteria, fungi, Animalia

Question 7

A Domain is even larger than a kingdom. What are the three domains?

Answer 7

The 3 domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 8

_______________ is the study of the evolutionary history of lineage of organisms

Answer 8

Phylogeny

Question 9

What is the goal of evolutionary classification?

Answer 9

To order and classify all living things

Question 10

A ___________ is a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor–living and extinct.

Answer 10

Clade

Question 11

A ______________ links groups of organisms by showing current hypotheses about how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

Answer 11

Cladogram

Question 12

Cladistic analysis focuses on certain kinds of characters, called derived characters. What is a derived character?

Answer 12

A derived character is a trait that arises in the most recent common ancestor of a lineage and was passed to its descendants

Question 13

Modern biologists want classification systems to represent the _________________ among organisms. Accurate understanding of those relationships can be very helpful in comparing and contrasting _____________among and between clades.

Answer 13

Evolutionary Relationships/Characteristics

Question 14

In general, the more _________________ two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

Answer 14

Derived Genetic Characteristics

Question 15

The __________ illustrates current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life

Answer 15

tree of all life

Question 16

Fossils provide vital information about __________ species - species that have died out.

Answer 16

extinct

Question 17

Most fossils are preserved in ___________. Sedimentary rock usually forms when small particles of sand, when small particles of sand, silt, clay, or lime settle to the bottom of a body of water.

Answer 17

sedimentary rocks

Question 18

Fossils reveal information about the structures of ancient organisms, the sequential nature of groups in the fossil record, __________, and the ecology of ancient environments.

Answer 18

Evolution from common ancestors

Question 19

____________ helps paleontologists to determine whether a fossil is older or younger than other fossils.

Answer 19

Relative Dating

Question 20

_____ are distinctive fossils used to establish and compare the relative age of rock layers and the fossils they contain.

Answer 20

Index fossils

Question 21

___________ relies on radioactive isotopes, which decay or break down into stable isotopes at a steady rate.

Answer 21

radiometric dating

Question 22

A ____ is the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

Answer 22

half life

Question 23

The _________ is based on both relative and absolute dating.

Answer 23

geologic time scale

Question 24

The major divisions of the geologic time scale are _____,_____, and ___________.

Answer 24

eons, eras, and periods

Question 25

The theory of _____________ explains the movement of continents and oceans.

Answer 25

Plate tectonics

Question 26

Global climate change, mountain building, the emergence of islands, __________, changes in levels of continents and oceans, and meteor impacts have altered Earth’s habitats, with major effects on the history of life.

Answer 26

continental drift

Question 27

The actions of ____________ over time have changed conditions in the atmosphere, the oceans, and the land.

Answer 27

living organisms

Question 28

Major transformations in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior, which usually take place in larger clades, are known as ______________.

Answer 28

macroevolutionary patterns

Question 29

Species become extinct when they fail to adapt to competition and changing environments. Paleontologists describe this kind of “business as usual” extinction as _______________.

Answer 29

background extinction

Question 30

In a ____________, a large number of species become extinct over a relatively short time.

Answer 30

mass extinction

Question 31

Fossil evidence supports the hypothesis that ______________ can occur at different rates in different clades, and at different times.

Answer 31

evolution

Question 32

Darwin suggested that evolution proceeded slowly and steadily, an idea called _________________.

Answer 32

gradualism

Question 33

Now and then, the fossil record shows that equilibrium can be interrupted by brief periods of geologically rapid change. This pattern is called ____________.

Answer 33

punctuated equilibrium

Question 34

Two important patterns of macroevolution are _________________ and ______________.

Answer 34

adaptive radiation and convergent evolution

Question 35

Define adaptive radiation

Answer 35

Adaptive radiation is a process where one single species evolves into multiple distinctive species

Question 36

The appearance of similar characteristics in unrelated organisms is known as ____________

Answer 36

convergent evolution

Question 37

The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called _______________

Answer 37

coevolution

Question 38

About _______________ years ago, Earth cooled enough to allow solid rocks to form.

Answer 38

4.2 billion

Question 39

Earth’s early atmosphere contained little or no _____________. It was mainly composed of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen, with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide

Answer 39

oxygen

Question 40

Miller and Urey’s experiment suggests that ______________ necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds on a primitive Earth

Answer 40

organic compounds

Question 41

The “RNA world” hypothesis proposes that _________ existed before DNA. From this simple RNA-based system, several steps could have led to today’s DNA-directed protein synthesis.

Answer 41

RNA

Question 42

The oldest eukaryotic cell fossils have been found in rocks __________ years old.

Answer 42

2.1 billion

Question 43

The ____________, developed in the 1960s by Lynn Margulis of the University of Massachusetts, proposes that organelles in eukaryotic cells were formed when different types of cells joined in a kind of merger.

Answer 43

endosymbiotic theory