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Biology > Topic 3 - Infection and Response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

A disease caused by a pthogen which can be passed between animals or plants

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2
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes communicable disease

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3
Q

How does bacteria cause disease

A

They rapidly divide and release toxins

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4
Q

How viruses cause disease

A

Invade and reproduce incide body cells until they urst

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5
Q

3 ways disease spreads ad how

A

Air - breathing in droplets of infected cough/sneeze
Water - bathing/ drinking contaminated water
Direct contact- touching contaminated surfaces

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6
Q

4 ways the spread of disease can be reduced

A
  • Hygiene
  • Destroy vectors
  • Isolation
  • Vaccination
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7
Q

Measles : Symtoms, treatment, spread and pathogen

A
  • fever, red skin rash , light sensitivity
  • Vaccination at young age
  • Air
  • Virus
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8
Q

HIV: Symtoms, treatment, spread, prevention and pathogen

A
  • Flu like for few weeks, then immune system repressed
  • Antiretrovial drugs to manage and prevent AIDS
  • Sexual contact or exhange of bodily fluids
  • Condoms, not sharing needles
  • Viral
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9
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus: Symtoms, treatment, spread and pathogen

A
  • Leaf discolouration
  • Strip infected leaves and destroy
  • Direct contact
  • Virus
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10
Q

Salmonela: Symtoms, treatment, spread and pathogen

A
  • Fever, diarrhoea, food poisning and vomiting
  • Antibiotics and hydration - cook meet and vaccinate poultary
  • Direct contact
  • Bacteria
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11
Q

Gonorrhoea: Symtoms, treatment, spread and pathogen

A
  • yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina, pain when urinating
  • Antibiotics
  • Sexual contact
  • bacteria
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12
Q

Rose black spot: Symtoms, treatment, spread and pathogen

A
  • Black/purple spots on plants
  • Fungicides and stripping infected leaves
  • Wind and water
  • Fungus
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13
Q

Malaria: Symtoms, prevention, spread and pathogen

A
  • Fever
  • Mosquito nets, prevent breeding, antimalarial drugs
  • Mosquitoes as vecors
  • Protist
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14
Q

How skin prevents pathogens entering body

A
  • Barrier

- Releases antimicrobial secretions kill pathogens

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15
Q

How respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering the body

A
  • nose: Has hairs and mucus that traps pathogen and waft to back of throat to be swallowed
  • same in trachea
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16
Q

How phagocytosis protects agains diseases

A

-WBC’s ingest and destroy pathogens so canot infect more cells

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17
Q

How antibodies protect against disease

A

WBC’s produce antibodies which are complementary to a specific antigen on pathogen. The bining og antibodies cause pathogens to clump together making them easier to destroy. Antibodies stay in memory cells in blood so if second infection occurs body can rapidly be produced

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18
Q

How antitoxins protect agains disease

A

Neutralise toxins from bacteria

19
Q

What is vaccination

A

-dead/ inactive form of pathogen stimulates production of antibodies, so if infected, antibodies rapidly produced

20
Q

What is heard immunity

A

if sufficiently high proportion of population are immune to a diseas, spread of diseae will belimited

21
Q

3 Advantages of vaccinations

A
  • eradicated some deadly diseases
  • Many epidemics prevented
  • Heard immunity for those that can’t be vaccinated
22
Q

2 Disasvantages of vaccinations

A
  • Not garunteed to work

- May have side effects

23
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

A

-Antibodies that are clones of one parent cell, specific to one type of antigen

24
Q

Describe how mAbs are produced (5)

A
  • Specific antigen injected into mouse
  • B-lymphocytes producing complementary antibodies extracted
  • B-lymphocytes fuse with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells
  • Hybridoma cells are cultured rapidly as they can divide and produce antibodies
  • Monoclonal antibodies and purified
25
Q

4 uses of mAbs

A

-Detect pathogens
-Locate cancer cells
-Treat cacer
Pregnancy kits

26
Q

what are myeloma cells

A

Type of tumour cels

27
Q

what do pregnancy kits test for

A

hCG in urine

28
Q

What happens to test sick if woman pregnant

A
  • hCG in urine binds to mAbs attached to a blue bead
  • mAbs with hCG diffuse up dipstick
  • mAbs fixed to stick bind to hCG
  • Blue line forms
29
Q

3 advantages of mAbs to test pathogens

A
  • Specific to one antigen
  • Very accurate
  • Quick
30
Q

Why mAbs used to target cancer cells

A
  • Cancer cells have tumour marking on membrane

- mAbs specifc to one type of antigen so target tumour without harming other cells

31
Q

How mAbs used to diagnose cancer (4)

A
  • mAbs tagged to radioactive substance
  • mAbs injected into patients bloodstream
  • mAbs bind to tumour markers on cancer cells
  • Emitted radiation detected using scanner so doctors can determine location
32
Q

How mAbs used to target cancer

A
  • mAbs attached to anti-cancer drug
  • mAbs injected to bloodstream
  • mAbs bind to tumour markers
  • Anti cancer drug destroys cancer cells
33
Q

Advantage of mAbs cancer treatments over traditional treatment

A

-Healthy cells are not damaged

34
Q

How mAbs used to identify blod clots

A
  • mAbs taged with radioactive substance
  • mAbs target and bind to specific proteins in blood clots
  • Radiation emitted by mAbs is detected, enabling location to be identified
35
Q

How aphids cause damage to plants

A

Extract sap from phloem, weakning plant

lso act as vectors of diseases transfering diseases from diseased to healthy plants

36
Q

2 ways to reduce aphid population

A
  • Chemical pesticides

- Biological pest control - ladybirds

37
Q

Why plants need nitrate ions

A

-To make amino acids to make proteins for growth and repair

38
Q

Why plants need magnesium ions

A

Needed for chlorophyll synthesis, so if they don’t have, they develop chlorosis

39
Q

5 symptoms of plant disease

A
  • Stunted growth
  • Spotted leaves
  • Decay
  • Growths
  • Discolouration
40
Q

3 ways to identify plant diseases

A
  • Gardening website/manual
  • Laboratory testing
  • Monoclonal antibody test kit
41
Q

3 physical defence responses used by plants

A
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
  • Bark
  • Leaf fall
42
Q

2 chemical defence responses used by plants

A
  • Antibacterial chemicals

- Poisons

43
Q

3 mechanical defence responses used by plants

A
  • Thorns
  • Drooping leaves
  • Mimicry

Biology (9 decks)

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