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BIO 202 > CV Lab > Flashcards

CV Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pressure can be influenced primarily by:

A

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. Body position, exercise, and other factors may affect some of these variables.

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2
Q

Systolic pressure is

A

the maximum pressure in an artery during ventricular contraction.

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3
Q

Diastolic pressure is the

A

minimum pressure in an artery during ventricular relaxation.

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4
Q

Blood pressure is manually determined using a

A

sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) along with a stethoscope.

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5
Q

The sphygmomanometer is placed around an artery (typically the

A

brachial artery of the arm), and the stethoscope is placed distal to the cuff.

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6
Q

The cuff is oriented such that the

A

tubing is facing anterior and exits the cuff distally.

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7
Q

Inflation of the cuff blocks blood flow

A

distally in the artery.

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8
Q

Slow deflation of the cuff allows blood to

A

slowly flood back into the artery. The practitioner can determine systolic and diastolic pressure by listening to the blood pressure (Korotkoff) sounds(see image below).

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9
Q

Korotkoff sounds are heard from an artery as

A

pressure is applied by a sphygmomanometer below systolic pressure.

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10
Q

Blood pressure is recorded using two numbers, one on top of the other. The top number is the

A

systolic pressure, and the bottom number is the diastolic pressure.

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11
Q

Normal adult blood pressure for those between the ages of 20-40 is

A

115/70. Blood pressure is lower as an adolescent, and higher as we age.

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12
Q

Chronically elevated blood pressure over 130/80 is called

A

hypertension.

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13
Q

Chronically low blood pressure less than 90/60 is called

A

hypotension.

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle cells contract in response to a rapid series of

A

electrical potential changes that travel through the heart along the conduction system.

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15
Q

Under normal conditions, electrical activity of the heart is spontaneously generated by the

A

sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart’s physiological pacemaker.

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16
Q

This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the

A

right and left atria, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract.

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17
Q

The electrical activity propagates throughout the atria from the

A

SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node.

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18
Q

The AV node functions as a

A

critical delay in the conduction system.

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19
Q

This prevents the atria and ventricles from contracting at

A

the same time, and provides time for blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.

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20
Q

The distal portion of the AV node is known as the

A

AV bundle (bundle of His), which splits into right and left bundle branches in the interventricular septum.

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21
Q

Both bundle branches taper out into the

A

subendocardiac conducting network (Purkinje fibers) that stimulate individual groups of ventricular myocardial cells to contract.

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22
Q

As the electrical current passes through the heart,

A

the cardiac muscle tissue is electrically excited, causing it to contract.

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23
Q

After contracting, the muscle cells relax again until the

A

next electrical current passes through, and the cycle is repeated.

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24
Q

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is an interpretation of the

A

electrical activity (depolarization and repolarization) of the heart over a period of time, as detected by electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body.

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25
Q

Einthoven’s triangle is formed by the use of the

A

left arm (LA), right arm (RA), and left leg (LL) electrodes to form the three pairs LA + RA, LA + LL, and RA + LL.

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26
Q

The output from each pair is known as

A

a lead.

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27
Q

The ECG recorder detects and amplifies the

A

tiny electrical changes on the skin from each pair caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat and compiles them as a recording that we call an electrocardiogram (ECG).

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28
Q

During each heartbeat, a healthy heart will have an orderly progression of a wave of depolarization triggered by the of the ventricles (T wave).

A

SA node (P wave) across the atria, passing through the AV node, and then spreading all over the ventricles (QRS complex) followed by repolarization

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29
Q

The ECG is made up of a s

A

traight baseline and waves. The waves can either move over or under the baseline. See an example in figure 1.

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30
Q

A segment is the area

A

between two waves. See an example in figure 2.

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31
Q

An interval is a

A

straight line and one or more waves. See an example in figure 3.

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32
Q

A complex is more than

A

one wave appearing in succession of one another. See the “QRS complex” in figure 4.

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33
Q

Brachial artery

A

Palpated within the front of the elbow (antecubital region)

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34
Q

+Common carotid artery

A

Palpated within the side of the neck (cervical region)

35
Q

+Dorsalis pedis artery

A

Palpated on the top of the foot (dorsum of foot)

36
Q

+Femoral artery

A

Palpated within the groin (inguinal region)

37
Q

+Popliteal artery

A

Palpated within the back of the knee (popliteal region)

38
Q

+Posterior tibial artery

A

Palpated between the medial side of ankle and Achilles tendon (between medial malleolus and calcaneal tendon)

39
Q

+Radial artery

A

Palpated on the thumb side of the wrist

40
Q

Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), can be divided into two subgroups depending on

A

whether or not their cytoplasm contains granules that are visible using a brightfield microscope.

41
Q

Agranulocytesdo

A

not have visible granules.

42
Q

+Lymphocytes

A

Small cells with a round nucleus taking up most of the volume of the cell.

43
Q

+Monocytes

A

Large cells with a bean-shaped nucleus taking up half to nearly all the volume of the cell.

44
Q

Granulocytescontain

A

granules that stain characteristic colors.

45
Q

+Basophils

A

Contain dark purple or black granules. The nucleus is usually bilobed (two lobes).

46
Q

+Eosinophils

A

Contain bright red granules. The nucleus is usually bilobed (two lobes).

47
Q

+Neutrophils

A

Contain light pink and/or purple granules. The nucleus is multilobed (multiple lobes).

48
Q

A differential white blood cell count (DIFF) determines the

A

percentage of the various types of white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes, in a blood sample.

49
Q

Normal DIFF counts are approximately as follows*:

A

Neutrophils 40-70%; Lymphocytes 20-40%; Monocytes 2-8%; Eosinophils 1-4%; Basophils 0-1%

50
Q
  • Reference ranges can vary by ranges quoted are only approximate.
A

age, sex, methods of testing, and other factors. There are no nationally established reference ranges for DIFF values; instead, each laboratory tests a population and establishes its own reference ranges. Therefore, the reference

51
Q

Blood types are determined by

A

the antigens that are present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs, also known as erythrocytes).

52
Q

Red blood cell membranes contain

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids that determine your ABO blood type and proteins that determine your Rh (+/-) blood type.

53
Q

ABO blood type is determined by the presence of

A

A, B, both (AB), or neither (O) of the A or B antigens.

54
Q

Rh blood type is determined by the presence of

A

(+) or lack of (-) the D antigen.

55
Q

The blood plasma may also contain antibodies, depending on the

A

ABO and Rh blood types.

56
Q

If you have blood type A, you will have ____ antibodies.

A

anti-B

57
Q

If you have blood type B, you will have ____ antibodies.

A

anti-A

58
Q

If you have blood type O, you will have both _____ antibodies and ____ antibodies.

A

anti-A; anti-B

59
Q

If you have blood type AB, you will NOT have any ____ nor ____ antibodies.

A

anti-A; anti-B

60
Q

No one has anti-D (Rh) antibodies unless they

A

are Rh- AND have been previously exposed to Rh+ blood.

61
Q

Blood can only be donated from a person with a specific ABO antigen to a person

A

without antibodies for that antigen. Otherwise, agglutination (clumping) will occur.

62
Q

Type A cannot donate to Type B or Type O because

A

they both have anti-A antibodies.

63
Q

Type B cannot donate to Type A or Type O because

A

they both have anti-B antibodies.

64
Q

Type AB cannot donate to Type A because

A

they have anti-B antibodies or Type B because they have anti-A antibodies.

65
Q

Type O can potentially donate to everyone because

A

their blood has no antigen to attack. However, Type O should first have its own anti-A and anti-B antibodies removed.

66
Q

Rh+ blood should not be transfused to an Rh- person; however, Rh- blood can be donated

A

to an Rh+ person.

67
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that is capable of causing an immune reaction. These are usually proteins, glycoproteins, or glycolipids.

68
Q

+Antibody

A

An immune system protein that is found in most body fluids, especially blood plasma. Antibodies bind to antigens to aid the immune response.

69
Q

+Agglutination

A

The clumping of cell bound antigens, as occurs when antibodies attach to ABO and D (Rh) antigens.

70
Q

+Agglutinogen

A

The substance being clumped in an agglutination reaction. Antigens in blood typing are agglutinogens.

71
Q

+Agglutinin

A

The substance causing clumping in an agglutination process. Antibodies in blood typing are agglutinins.

72
Q

+Positive

A

Does NOT mean “good.” In testing, positive means what you are testing for is present.

73
Q

+Negative

A

Does NOT mean “bad.” In testing, negative means what you are testing for is absent.

74
Q

+Serum/Sera

A

Fluid containing antibodies.

75
Q

Hematocrit (HCT) is the percentage of

A

erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), in a whole blood sample.

76
Q

Hematocrit (HCT) is determined by

A

separating the formed elements from the plasma and measuring the packed red blood cell volume.

77
Q

Normal hematocrit varies depending on many factors, but generally accepted ranges are:

A

Adult males: 42–52%; Adult females: 37–47%

78
Q

An abnormally elevated hematocrit can occur for several reasons, such as

A

being at a high altitude, having an elevated testosterone level, with certain diseases, and if the person is “blood doping.”

79
Q

Blood doping refers to any of several methods used to

A

increase the blood oxygen-carrying capacity.

80
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) are about

A

one-third hemoglobin.

81
Q

Hemoglobin is the main protein that

A

carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide in the blood.

82
Q

Healthy hemoglobin content in the blood varies with age, sex, and other factors. Generally, the values below are considered the normal range.

A

Male: 14–18g Hb/100 mL; Female: 12–16g Hb/100 mL

83
Q

The hemoglobin content of blood is one measure of

A

the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

84
Q

An abnormally elevated hemoglobin content will occur if

A

someone is “blood doping.”

BIO 202 (14 decks)

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