Lecture 1 Sept 2 Flashcards
- Localization in wake of invasions had hurt the church.
Loss of connection between local bishops and pope
Pope quite weak as a figure
Scattering of practices
Clerical abuses; clerical marriage; concubinage; simony
Peace and Truce. Not pacifism
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- Pope Leo IX. Reformer.
Deposed bishops who had bought their offices.
Leo IX. 1049-1054
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- Leo became pope after a string of popes who had ascended by nefarious means. Assassinations
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- Quarrels with eastern church. Leo sent a legate to Constantinople.
Doesn’t go well.
Legate excommunicates the patriarch of Constantinople in 1054.
Known as the schism. In reality, not a schism. The real break wouldn’t come until much later. Still a dramatic event
Quarrels: filioque, leavened vs unleavened bread, pope’s claim to universal jurisdiction
- Goal of reform movement: Desire to restore papal authority and dignity
Eliminate lay control over the clergy: this a major theme within the population as well
Libertas Ecclesiae
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- 1056 Henry III died. Young son.
Gives the reformers an opportunity to move forward with removing lay control of clergy.
Place to start is control of Papacy
Henry VI. r. 1056/1084-1106
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- After Leo, Nicholas II in 1059 issues papal election decree.
Saying that the cardinals will elect pope. Ends up causing tensions with the German emperor.
1059-1061
Followed by Alexander II 1061-1073
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- Nicholas II: gets the papacy an army.
Signs up the Normans in southern Italy.
Nicholas recognizes Robert Guiscard as count of Apulia.
Legitimizes Robert’s conquest .
Pope also grants Sicily to Robert’s nephew Roger, which the Muslims hold. Papal banner to conquer. Pope a feudal lord with these Normans as his vassals.
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- Conquest of Jerusalem 1071.
Some persecutions of Christian clergy, destruction of churches, killing of pilgrims.
Didn’t last long. Turks soon realised that Jerusalem’s sole economic raison d’ etre was pilgrim trade.
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- General lawlessness in Syria and Palestine remains, however
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- Turkish warriors there wage jihad against Byzantine empire in Asia Minor.
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- 1071 meet the combined armies of the empire led by the emperor himself,
Romanus IV. Battle of Manzikert.
Byzantine army destroyed. Emperor captured.
Turks invade and quickly overrun Asia Minor. Almost to the walls of Constantinople.
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- Enormous and significant defeat.
All that’s left of the empire is not much more than that is today the modern state of Greece.
Looked like the empire had reached its last stages.
Emperor desperate for help: turn to the only power possible; christian Europe.
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- Byzantines generally did not look well on western Europe.
Western Europe just a mass of undifferentiated German barbarians.
Assumption that one day the Romans would get around to reconquering the west and the barbarian interlude would be forgotten.
Thus, asking the west for help required a huge swallowing of pride.
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- Pope is Gregory VII. Received the request for aid before the Investiture Controversy began.
He and Henry seem to be getting along fairly well at this point.
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- Saw in this request a chance to bring the Latin and Greek sides of the Church together again.
If west could bring a force together to help their brothers in the east, it would help to heal the rift from 1054
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- Gregory immediately made plans to raise a great army in Europe.
Envisioned himself leading the army.
Ironically, he suggested that Henry IV stay behind to take care of the church.
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- 1073-4 Gregory proposed to lead on armed force to aid Byzantine emperor.
Rise of thoughts of new way to gain salvation for laymen: through arms.
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- Tensions with HRE explode with Gregory VII (1073 to 1085). Strong reformer. 1075 edict prohibiting lay investiture.
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- Henry IV rejects it and calls for the deposition of the pope.
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