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BIOL2316.088TR > Ch. 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

The cellular basis of muscular dystrophy is that some of a child’s muscle cells _____.

A

Lack a protein that enables them to withstand the force of contraction

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2
Q

Select the true statement regarding types of cells.

A

Somatic cells are diploid, meaning that they have two copies of the human genome

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3
Q

Egg cells are _____.

A

Haploid germ cells

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4
Q

A type of vesicle that ferries molecules, such as cholesterol, to lysosomes is an _____.

A

Endosome

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5
Q

Ribosomes are in the cells of _____.

A

All organisms

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6
Q

The internal architecture of a cell consists of _____.

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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7
Q

Which of the following acts as a quality control center for cells?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

In mitochondria, _____.

A

Energy from nutrients is converted into a form that a cell can use

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9
Q

People with giant axons lose the ability to move and see because _____.

A

They lack a protein, called gigaxonin, which normally breaks down intermediate filaments and recycles their components

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10
Q

The organelle that is the equivalent of a cellular garbage disposal system is the _____.

A

Lysosome

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11
Q

The cell type with the most mitochondria is _____.

A

Muscle

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12
Q

During apoptosis, caspases _____.

A

Activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces

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13
Q

The part of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division, functioning as a “clock,” is the _____.

A

Telomere

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14
Q

A cell lacking which type of proteins would be most likely to activate the spindle assembly checkpoint in mitosis?

A

Tubulin

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15
Q

Factors that control how often a cell divides include _____.

A

Telomere lengths, hormonal signals, crowding, and growth factors

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16
Q

At the point in the cell cycle when mitosis begins _____.

A

Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere

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17
Q

An experimental treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), which causes gradual loss of the ability to move, sends four genes into cells sampled from a patient’s skin. This procedure reprograms the cells, which are then exposed to molecules and genes that stimulate them to develop as healthy versions of the cells affected in the disease. These cells are implanted into the patient. They are _____.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells

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18
Q

Human embryonic stem cells that are used in research are _____.

A

Cultured in laboratory dishes from inner cell mass cells taken from a very early embryo

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19
Q

A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type, including those of membranes that support the developing embryo, is _____.

A

Totipotent

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20
Q

Which of the following bacteria benefits humans?

A

Lactobacillus

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21
Q

Somatic cells that are reprogrammed to into any of several cell types
_____.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells

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22
Q

Stem cells that can self-renew and are found in embryos, fetuses, children, and adults _____.

A

Adult stem cells

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23
Q

Stem cells taken from the inner cell mass _____.

A

Embryonic stem cells

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24
Q

You are studying the cytoskeleton in budding yeast, a model organism used in science laboratories. You isolate a mutant that seems to be unable to segregate its chromosomes in mitosis. You know the mutation is in a cytoskeletal component. Which component do you suspect that the mutation is in?

A

Microtubules

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25
Q

Phenylketonuria is a disease in which toxic levels of phenylalanine can accumulate due to low levels of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. A person with phenylketonuria has a low level of a member of which category of major chemicals in the cell?

A

Proteins

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26
Q

If a species has a haploid number of 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in a diploid cell from this organism?

A

32

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27
Q

A somatic cell in an organism has 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will a germ cell from the same organism have?

A

11

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28
Q

Cells contract, providing movement

A

Muscle tissues

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29
Q

Neurons transmit information

A

Nervous tissues

30
Q

Tight cell layers form linings

A

Epithelium

31
Q

Protect, support, bind to cells, and fill spaces throughout the body

A

Connective tissues

32
Q

It is important to know the cellular basis of a disease because _____.

A

Knowing what is wrong at the cellular level can suggest possible treatments

33
Q

When a baby with lactase deficiency is given lactose-free infant formula, this is an example of _____.

A

How knowing the cellular basis of a disease can suggest a treatment for the disease

34
Q

If survivin accumulates, mitosis will occur _____.

A

Apoptosis checkpoint

35
Q

Inhibits cell cycle until DNA can be repaired _____.

A

DNA damage checkpoint

36
Q

Checks if the spindle is built and chromosomes are attached to the spindle _____.

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

37
Q

After DNA replication copies of the genome are joined at _____.

A

Centromeres

38
Q

Long strands of chromosomal material in replicated chromosomes are called _____.

A

Chromatids

39
Q

Centriole microtubules join with other proteins to organize the spindle in structures called _____.

A

Centrosomes

40
Q

Chromosome tips are called _____.

A

Telomeres

41
Q

Centromeres part and one chromatid from each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell _____.

A

Anaphase

42
Q

The membranes around nuclei reform _____.

A

Telophase

43
Q

DNA coils tightly, shortening and thickening chromosomes _____.

A

Prophase

44
Q

Chromosomes align along the center of the cell _____.

A

Metaphase

45
Q

You are studying the cell division in budding yeast, a model organism used in science laboratories. You isolate a mutant that has an uneven number of chromosomes in each cell after mitosis. You know the mutation is in a checkpoint protein. Which checkpoint is most likely affected?

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

46
Q

During apoptosis, what organelle releases molecules to increase caspase activity?

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

A cell that can give rise to every cell type _____.

A

Totipotent

48
Q

A cell that cannot give rise to every cell type but still has a large number of possible fates _____.

A

Pluripotent

49
Q

A cell that has only a few developmental choices _____.

A

Multipotent

50
Q

The Human Microbiome Project studied what type of organisms on and in the human body?

A

Bacteria

51
Q

What practice introduced bacteria that cause dental caries (cavities) to the human mouth?

A

Agriculture

52
Q

MNGIE is a rare autosomal recessive human disease characterized by intestinal and ophthalmologic abnormalities. It occurs due to a mutation that leads to inadequate energy production in affected cells. Which organelle’s function do you predict is affected in MNGIE?

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

A diploid cell in G1 contains 5 pairs of chromosomes. During mitosis, how many chromosomes will be lined up on the metaphase plate in this cell?

A

10

54
Q

Cutis laxa is a connective tissue disorder. One of the causes is abnormal glycosylation of serum proteins. Glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate such as a sugar to another molecule. Which organelle do you predict is affected in cutis laxa?

A

Golgi apparatus

55
Q

_____ provide energy for cells and also contribute to cellular structure.

A

Carbohydrates

56
Q

_____ form biological membranes, provide insulation, store energy, and form the basis of several types of hormones.

A

Lipids

57
Q

_____ have many functions in the human body, including blood clotting, muscle contraction, and catalyzing chemical reactions.

A

Proteins

58
Q

_____ store genetic information that is used to produce proteins and that is passed from generation to generation to give a cell its characteristics.

A

Nucleic acids

59
Q

Porous sac containing DNA

A

Nucleus

60
Q

Detoxifies various molecules

A

Peroxisome

61
Q

Catalyst for protein synthesis

Globular subunits of RNA and protein

A

Ribosome

62
Q

Membrane network; may be associated with ribosomes

Site of lipid synthesis and protein folding

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

Stacks of membrane-enclosed sacs

Site where sugars are joined to lipids or proteins

Site where secretions are stored

A

Golgi apparatus

64
Q

Two membranes; inner membrane enzyme-studded

Releases energy from nutrients

A

Mitochondrion

65
Q

Information within the _____ is transcribed into mRNA and transported outside the nuclear envelope.

A

Nucleus

66
Q

Proteins are synthesized on _____ and then enter the _____ where they are further folded and modified.

A

Ribosomes; rough endoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

The _____ helps produce lipids.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

Once these molecules are folded and modified, transport vehicles called _____ pinch off and surround them with membranes to be transported elsewhere.

A

Vesicles

69
Q

The vesicles are moved to the _____ where they are sorted and packaged.

A

Golgi apparatus

70
Q

Transport vehicles carry the macromolecules to the _____ where they fuse and release their contents to the outside environment.

A

Plasma membrane

BIOL2316.088TR (16 decks)

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