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physical science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of material on Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

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2
Q

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

A

Soil

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3
Q

The removal of surface material through the process of weathering.

A

Erosion

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4
Q

As rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another.

A

Sediment Transport

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5
Q

When the erosional agent slows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts (in the case of glaciers), it drops this sediment load.

A

Deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river

A

Drainage Basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shore line

A

Long-shore Current

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8
Q

What is weathering

A

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface

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9
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate

A

No Cause they weather at different rates

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10
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

A

Rock Type

Landscape

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11
Q

What are the two types of weathering

A

Mechanical

Chemical

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12
Q

what type of change happens with Mechanical weathering

A

Physical changes

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13
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

Chemical Changes

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14
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

Frost wedging
Biological activity
Collisions

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15
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

When water collects in the cracks of a rock and freezes

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16
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

Freeze-Thaw Cycles

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17
Q

what causes biological activity

A

Plants and Animals

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18
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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19
Q

what is soil

A

A mixture of weathered rock, organic mater, water, and air that is capable of supporting life

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20
Q

what is parent material

A

The material from which soil forms

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21
Q

what are soil horizons

A

Different layers of soil

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22
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6

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23
Q

True or False. All soils contain every soil horizon

A

False

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24
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A

O,A,E,B,C,R

25
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

Organic material

26
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

A

Mostly minerals

27
Q

which layer does leaching occur

A

E

28
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

A

B

29
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedrock

A

C

30
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock

A

R

31
Q

which soil horizons make up the topsoil

A

O,A

32
Q

which horizons make up the subsoil

A

E,B

33
Q

what are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by

A

Oxygen

Water

34
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen

A

Oxidation

35
Q

what is the chemical process called that is caused by water

A

Hydrolysis

36
Q

which soil horizons make up the true soil

A

O,A,E,B

37
Q

What percentage of water on earth is salt water

A

97%

38
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is fresh water

A

3%

39
Q

Where is the majority of fresh water found

A

2% found in glaciers

40
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of fresh water found

A

1% of fresh water is found in lakes and rivers and even ground water

41
Q

What is precipitation

A

Rain
Snow
Sleet
Hail

42
Q

what is runoff

A

Water runs of the land surface

43
Q

what is infiltration

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

44
Q

what is transportation

A

When plants release water vapor into atmosphere through their leaves

45
Q

what is evaporation

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

46
Q

what is condensation

A

Water vapor molecules collide with other ones they eventually get heavy and fall as precipitation

47
Q

what is the water cycle

A

Where water on land enters the atmosphere and eventually returns back to land

48
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage

A

a porous area where water easily passes though

49
Q

What is a saturated zone for ground water storage

A

Beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space

50
Q

what is a water table

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

51
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable

A

The more permeable the material the easier water can infiltrate through the ground

52
Q

What is an aquifer

A

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

53
Q

What is the name of the great plains aquifer

A

Ogallala Aquifer

54
Q

how many states does the great plains aquifer run through

A

8 states

55
Q

what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer run through

A 
South Dakota
Wyoming
Nebraska
Colorado
Kansas
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Texas
56
Q

what is an aquitard

A

lay of sediment that doesn’t let water come through

57
Q

How are water springs formed

A

Where water tables naturally meets Earth’s surface

58
Q

What is an artesian well

A

wells drilled into pressured aquifers and the pressure would cause the well to over flow

59
Q

what is a cone of depression

A

Where the direction of the water flows down to enter the well

physical science (5 decks)

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