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NURS 3550 - Research > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a good quantitative design is one that: (4)

A
  • appropriately tests the hypothesis or answers the research questions (design matches the question)
  • lacks bias (random selection)
  • controls extraneous or confounding variables (any interval that can interfere w the IV effect on the DV)
  • has sufficient ability to detect statistically signif. findings (is the sample large enough?)
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2
Q

what is the importance of sampling (2)

A
  • the key to external validity

- considers the degree to which the sample being studied is representative of the population from which it was drawn

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3
Q

describe what plays a role in sampling (4)

A
  • carefully define the population to which you wish to generalize the results (theoretical population)
  • define the population to which you have access (accessible population)–> compare and contrast it to the theoretical population
  • describe the method used to access the population
  • identify a method of selecting & accessing individuals from the population of potential subjects available
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4
Q

what are 2 types of sampling strategies

A
  • probability sampling

- nonprobability sampling

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5
Q

what is probability sampling

A
  • Probability sampling is a sampling technique, in which the subjects of the population get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample.
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6
Q

what is nonprobability sampling? when is it useful?

A
  • involves the intentional selection of certain participants in order to gather information about members of a specific group or people with specific insight into a particular area.
  • useful in conditions where you may not have access to an entire population to conduct random sampling or if the researchers are interested in participants who have a certain area of knowledge or expertise
  • specifies inclusion and exclusion criteria
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7
Q

what are 4 examples of probability sampling

A
  • random sampling
  • stratified random sampling
  • cluster sampling
  • systematic sampling
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8
Q

what is random sampling

A
  • gold standard

- every potential participant has an equal chance of being selected

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9
Q

what is stratified random sampling

A
  • involves dividing your population into different known subgroups proportionately by categories such as hair color or eye color and then taking a single random sample from each subgroup
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10
Q

what is cluster sampling

A
  • similar to stratified random sampling, in cluster sampling, the researchers divide the total population into subgroups
  • rather than selecting members of categorically organized groups, researchers choose entire subgroups of non-organized people to be the participants
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11
Q

what is systematic sampling

A
  • select every __th case from a list
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12
Q

what are 3 types of nonprobability sampling

A
  • convenience sampling
  • consecutive sampling
  • snowball sampling
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13
Q

what is convenience sampling

A
  • select the most conveniently available people
  • includes minimal inclusion/exclusion criteria
    ex. go to the wall and ask people
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14
Q

what is snowball sampling

A
  • subjects are asked to recommend other potential subjects

- “word of mouth” recruitment

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15
Q

what is calculated to indicate how many subjects are needed

A
  • sample size estimates –> power analysis
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16
Q

what happens if you have too small of a sample? too large?

A
  • too small = can lead to committing an error in the results
  • too large = needless expense, ethical issues,
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17
Q

what are 2 main ways to collect quantitative data

A
  • existing data (hospital records, charts, systematic reviews)
  • new data/research
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18
Q

what are 4 types of quantitative data

A
  • self-report
  • pt reported outcomes
  • direct observation
  • biophysiological measures (ex. BP, T, HR, RR)
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19
Q

what are 2 examples of structured self-reports

A
  • interview schedule

- questionnaire

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20
Q

describe the differenve between an interview schedule and questionnaire

A
  • interview = questions pre-specified but asked orally, either face-to-face or telephone
  • questionnaire = questions pre-specified but in written form, and independently completed by respondents
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21
Q

what are 2 types of questions in a structured instrument

A
  • close-ended

- open-ended

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22
Q

describe close-ended questions (4)

A
  • fixed-alternative questions (quantitative)
  • pre-specified response alternatives
  • delivered in the same order w the same response options for every participant
  • numerically scored
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23
Q

what are 5 types of closed-ended questions

A
  • dichotomous (2 options, yes/no, fixed responses)
  • multiple choice
  • rank order questions (ex. rank order of importance)
  • forced-choice question (ex. do you prefer tea, hot chocolate, or coffee?)
  • rating question (0-10 scale)
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24
Q

define: scale

A
  • a device that assigns a numeric score to people along a continuum
  • used to make fine quantitative discriminations among people w different attitudes, perceptions, traits, etc.
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25
Q

what is the likert scale

A
  • consists of several declarative statements (items) expressing viewpoints
  • responses are on an agree/disagree continuum
  • responses to items are summed to compute a total scale score
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26
Q

what is a visual analog scale

A
  • used to measure subjective experiences (ex. pain, nausea)
  • measurements are on a straight line measuring 100 mm
  • participants are asked to place an X on the line (or some mark) that reflects where they’re at
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27
Q

what are 3 main biases that can distort measurement

A
  • social desirability bias
  • extreme response set bias
  • acquiescence response set bias
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28
Q

what is the social desirability bias

A
  • when there is the bias to answer in ways acceptable to societ
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29
Q

what is the extreme response set bias

A
  • a tendency to always answer in the extreme

ex. always select strongly option

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30
Q

what is the acquiescence response set bias

A
  • always agree or always disagree without considering what the question asks
31
Q

what strategy can be used to counteract the acquiescence response set bias

A
  • counterbalance the - and + response –> forces them to read the Q
32
Q

what do observational methods focus on

A
  • structred observation of pre-specified behaviors
33
Q

what is an issue associated w observational methods

A
  • concealment or reactivity –> changing behavior based on the knowledge of observation
34
Q

what are various methods of recording observations

A
  • senses
  • paper/pencil
  • video
  • audio
  • pictures
35
Q

what are 2 types of biophysiological measures

A
  • in vivo

- in vitro

36
Q

what does in vivo mean

A
  • measurements directly on or within living organisms
37
Q

what does in vitro mean

A
  • extracting material and taking it to a lab
38
Q

what does quantitative measurement involve (5)

A
  • rules for assigning numeric values to the quantity of an atribute
  • research instruments should capture the concept in a relevant and truthful way
  • objective & precise info –> facilitates statistical analysis
  • ALL instruments have some amt of error
  • challenging when measuring subjective concepts or psychosocial concepts
39
Q

obtained score =

A

obtained score = true score +- error

40
Q

what are 3 main factors affecting data quality in quantitative research

A
  • procedures used to collect the data (properly trained? told participants to read carefully?)
  • circumstances under which data were gathered (ex. may not do well if in cold room)
  • adequacy of instruments or scales used to measure constructs
41
Q

define reliability of an instrument

A
  • an instrument that consistently and accurately measures the concept or construct of interest
  • extent to which scores are free from measurement error (accuracy) and consistency
42
Q

define accuracy

A
  • extent to which the instrument is free from measurement error
43
Q

define consistency

A
  • extent to which the instrument can consistently (repeatedly) measure the concept or construct
44
Q

measures should have reliability cofficients of at least ___ or better
what often indicates this?

A
  • at least 0.70 or better

- often indicated thru Cronbach’s alpha

45
Q

define: validity

A
  • an instrument that actually measures what it is supposed to measure
    ex. if you choose a valid measure to measure depression, it should measure depression and not anxiety
46
Q

what are 4 types of validity of instruments

A
  • face validity
  • content validity
  • criterion validity
  • construct validity
47
Q

describe face validity

A
  • whether the instrument looks like it is measuring the target construct
48
Q

describe content validity

A
  • the extent to which the instrument’s content adequately captures the construct
  • focuses on how well each question taps into the specific construct in question.
  • asks the literature or content expert
49
Q

describe criterion validityq

A
  • the extent to which the scores on a measure are a good reflection of a “gold standard”
  • compare to gold standard
50
Q

describe construct validity

A
  • the degree to which evidence about a measure’s scores in relation to which other variables supports the inference that the construct has been well represented
  • does it reflect what theory says it should look like?
51
Q

what are the purposes of statistical analysis in quantitative research (4)

A
  • to describe the data (ex. sample characteristics)
  • to test hypotheses
  • to provide evidence regarding measurement properties of quantified variables
  • test the reliability & validity of measurement tools
52
Q

what are 4 lvls of measurement

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
  • interval
  • ratio
53
Q

describe the nominal lvl of measurement

A
  • lowest lvl
  • involves using numbers simply to categorize attributes, dont rlly mean anything
    ex. numbers to categorize gender, color, clothing, etc.
54
Q

describe the ordinal lvl of measurement

A
  • ranks people on an attribute
  • do not know the distance between each rank
    ex. mild, moderate, severe, ADLs range from total dependence to independence
55
Q

describe the interval lvl of measurement

A
  • ranks people on an attribute and specifies the distance between them
    ex. measurement of intelligence, temperature in celsius
56
Q

describe the ratio lvl of measurement

A
  • highest lvl
  • has an absolute zero
  • provides info about the absolute magnitude of the attribute
    ex. cell count, cases of H1N1 in MB
57
Q

what are 2 types of statistic analysis

A
  • descriptive statistics

- inferential statistics

58
Q

what is descriptive statistics

A
  • used to describe and summarize data
59
Q

what is a parameter

A
  • descriptor for a population
60
Q

what are inferential statistic

A
  • used to make inferences about the population based on sample data
  • helps test the research Q
61
Q

what is the central tendency r/t descriptive statistics

A
  • index of “typicalness” of a set of scores that comes from center of distribution
  • includes mode, median, mean
62
Q

what is mode

A
  • the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

- useful mainly as gross descriptor, especially of nominal measures

63
Q

what is median

A
  • the point in a distribution above which & below which 50% of cases fall
  • useful mainly as descriptor of typical value when distribution is skewed)
    ex. household income
  • ensure they are ordered in their natural order*
64
Q

what is mean

A
  • equals the sum of all scores divided by the total number of scores
  • most stable and widely used indicator of central tendency
65
Q

define variability

A
  • the degree to which scores in a distribution are spread out or dispersed
66
Q

define homogeneity

A
  • little variabablity
67
Q

define heterogeneity

A
  • great variability

ex. wide range of age, attitudes

68
Q

what is standard deviation r/t variability

A
  • average deviation of scores in a distribution

- helps predict where people’s score may fall

69
Q

define range r/t variability

A
  • highest value minus lowest value
70
Q

what is the P value

A
  • the statistical calculation that shows a relationship between the variables that is unlikely to be due to change only
  • describes the probability that there was some chance occurrence
71
Q

what are some common bivariate statistical tests (3)

A
  • t-tests
  • correlation coefficients
  • confidence intervals
72
Q

what is a t-test

A
  • tests the difference between two means
73
Q

what are correlation coefficients

A
  • describes intensity and direction on a relationship

- ranges from -1.0 to +1.0 where a score of 0 = no relationship

NURS 3550 - Research (12 decks)

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