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History GCSE > Medicine Factors > Flashcards

Medicine Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Individuals for Public Health in Medieval?

A

1421 the Mayor in Coventry proclaimed every man shall clean the street or recieve a 12 penny fine
Waste collections sold to farmers

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2
Q

Individuals for Public Health in Early Modern?

A

Edward Jenner

  • devoted his life to wiping out small pox
  • experimented on James Phipps
  • wrote ‘an inquiry into the causes and effects of vaccine’ in 1798
  • given 10k in 1802, 20k in 1807
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3
Q

Individuals for Public Health in 19th Century?

A

Joseph Bazalgatte

  • Built 83 miles of sewers which removed 420 million gallons of sewage a day
  • Removed waste from over 1 million homes
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4
Q

Individuals for Public Health in 20th century?

A

William Beveridge

  • wrote report in 1942
  • described ‘five giants of poverty’
  • sold 100,000 copies within first month
  • lead to NHS and Welfare State
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5
Q

Science for Public Health in Medieval?

A

Islamic Medicine
- took scientific approach and was always hygenic
- by 1000, five public hospitals
- discovered distillation
Rhazes
- observed that fever was the bodies natural way of healing

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6
Q

Science in Public Health for Medieval drawback?

A

Highly religious and still believed in Galens’ dated methods and the lack of translation and llegible doctors prevented communication

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7
Q

Science for Public Health in Early Modern?

A

Edward Jenner

  • experimentation when he injected James Phipps
  • wrote in 1798 ‘an inquiry into the causes and effects of cow pox’
  • observation in milk ladies discussing their immunity
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8
Q

Science for Public Health in 19th Century?

A

John Snow
- 1849 published a book which claimed Cholera was spread by dirty water, WAS LAUGHTED AT
- 1854, 700 died he used science to map the death locations and noticed the pump
Germ Theory
- Pasteur, Kock and Erhlich’s germ theory always involved continuous sampling and staining of germs
- Pasteur invented Pasteruisation
- Koch developed Salvarsan 606 which treated syphillis in 1910 which involved 606 attempts

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9
Q

How did Germ Theory and John Snow link?

A

The communication of Germ Theory proved John Snow’s theories

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10
Q

Science for Public Health in 20th century?

A

NHS

  • July 4th 1948 formation
  • Made medicine available to consumer
  • Increased life expectancy from 66-83 (Women) and 64-79 (Men)
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11
Q

Government for Public Health in Medieval?

A

King Edward III
- in 1348 ordered people to clean streets outside their homes
Mayor of Coventry
- 1421 proclaimed every man shall clean the street or recieve a 12 penny fine

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12
Q

Government for Public Health in Early Modern?

A

The Great Plague

  • Public entertainment banned
  • Forced to isolate for 40 days
  • June 1665 the mayor locked the city
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13
Q

Government for Public Health in 19th century?

A

Vaccinations
- 1840 made free
- 1853 made compulsory
- Gave Jenner 10k and 20k in 1802 and 1807
Public Health in Towns
- 1848 Public Health Act provided water supplies
- 1858 Employed Bazalgette to build 83 miles of sewers removing 420 million gallons
- 1866 Sanitary Act local government responsible for sewers
- 1875 Housing Act redeveloped slums and cleaning

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14
Q

Public Health Acts?

A

Public Health in Towns

  • 1848 Public Health Act provided water supplies
  • 1858 Employed Bazalgette to build 83 miles of sewers removing 420 million gallons
  • 1866 Sanitary Act local government responsible for sewers
  • 1875 Housing Act redeveloped slums and cleaning
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15
Q

Government for Public Health in 20th Century?

A 
NHS
- July 4th 1948 formation
- Made medicine available to consumer
- Increased life expectancy from 66-83 (Women) and 64-79 (Men)
Welfare State
- Built 300k council houses
Health Campaigns
- Anti-smoking campaigns in 2007 and smoking banned in cars and public spaces in 2015
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16
Q

Why is the Government prioritising prevention of disease?

A

Prevention of disease is MUCH cheaper than treatment

17
Q

Level 4 Judgements for Public Health?

Government, Individuals and Science

A

In the 19th and 20th centuries the Government have become more and more important due to population growth and urbanisation which ended Laissez faire and meant the MUST take responsibility.
Although rather weak in early periods, science increasingly became important in the last two centuries especially with the work of brilliant individuals who used their scientific method to bring the problems aware to the Government
Without individuals and science indentifying the problems, the Government wouldnt know what to spent funds on

18
Q

Individuals for Surgery in Medieval?

A 
Muslim Doctors (Rhazes and Abulcasis)
- Muslim surgeon who introduced ideas
- Invented distillation to prepare drugs for anaesthetics
- Translated texts
Rhazes
- Wrote 'El Hawi' and 200 other books
19
Q

Individuals for Surgery in Early Modern?

A

John Hunter

  • in Seven Years wa
  • Trained EDWARD JENNER
  • Dissected human bodies to gain knowledge
  • believed in Nature healing deep wounds
20
Q

Individuals for Surgery in 19th Century?

A

James Simpson
- Chloroform discovery
- Caused sleepiness and unconsciousness
Joseph Lister
- Death rates fell from 45% - 15% in 3 years
- 1871 Invented a machine to spray carbolic acid

21
Q

Individuals for Surgery in 20th Century?

A

Alexander Fleming, Florey and Chain
- Fleming left mould near petri dish which killed it
- Florey and Chain used research and tested on Policeman
- Reduced death rate in WW2 by 15%
MADE SAFER AND INVOLVED A BETTER USE OF TECHNOLOGY

22
Q

War for Surgery in Medieval?

A

100 Years War (John Arderne)
- Surgeon had 50% success rate with anus surgery
- discovered painkilling ointment of Hemlock, Opium and Henbane
European surgeons came into contact with Muslim docters, sharing ideas and equipment

23
Q

War for Surgery in Early Modern?

A

Italian War (Pare)

  • 1536-1538
  • Pare ran out of oil and used egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses to cauterise wounds
  • Used ligatures to tie off wounds
24
Q

War for Surgery in 19th Century?

A

Crimean War (Florence Nightingale)

  • 1854-1856
  • 40-2%
  • Raised £40k
25
Q

War for Surgery in 20th Century?

A

World War 2

  • 1939-1945
  • Penicillin saved 15% and helped treat 150,000
  • 700,000 Blood Donors
  • $80 million spent
26
Q

Science and Communication Surgery in Medieval?

A

Urine and Zodiac Charts used
Muslim Doctors
- Began experimenting with Anaesthetics
- Translated and wrote many texts (Rhazes wrote 200 Books)

27
Q

Science and Communication Surgery in Early Modern?

A

Vesalius challenged Galent with ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Pare experimented with egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses
Microscope in 1590

28
Q

Science and Communication Surgery in 19th Century?

A

Salvarsan 606 in 1910
- Treatment to syphillis
- 606th attempt
Pasteur and John Snow’s communication of Germ Theory

29
Q

Science and Communication Surgery in 20th Century?

A

DNA discovered in 1953
80,000 Shell Shock
NHS allowed comercialisation of medicine which provided more incentive to develop surgeical methods and technology

30
Q

Level 4 Judgements for Surgery?

Warfare, Individuals and Communication

A

Warfare was the catalyst for change throughout the entire period, the larger the casualty rate the larger the demand and therefore the greater the change. Warfare was sporadic, however, the work of individuals has been consistent which requires the scientific method and communication to work.

History GCSE (4 decks)

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