Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RT 208 > 2. General Pharmacologic Principles and Special Considerations > Flashcards

2. General Pharmacologic Principles and Special Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of Drugs

A
  • Plant
  • Mineral
  • Animal
  • Synthetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function is referred to as a

A

drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

were the primary source of drugs used on the human body

A

Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ from the earth and ____ also found their way into human use as drugs

A

Minerals,

soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the glands, organs and tissues of ____

A

animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evolved with human skills in laboratories and advanced understanding of chemistry

A

synthetic sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this method is probably the most actively pursued source of drugs by major companies today

A

Synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

made from pork

A

Porcine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

came from cow

A

Bovine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

drug with a natural source but made with modifications in a laboratory

A

Semi-synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

movement of drugs through the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what the body do to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

body’s biological response to drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what the drug do to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pharmacokinetics

The four drug processes:

A

ADME

  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

getting into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

moving from the bloodstream into the tissues and fluids of the body

A

Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

physical and chemical alterations that a substance undergoes in the body

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

eliminating waste products of drug metabolism

A

Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Absorption primary site of process

A

Mucosa of the stomach, mouth, small intestine, or rectum; blood vessels in the muscles or subcutaneous tissues; or dermal layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conditions that may hamper absorption

A

Incorrect administration may destroy the drug before it reaches the bloodstream or its site of action (e.g., giving certain antibiotics after meals instead of on an empty stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Distribution primary site of process

A

Circulatory system, through capillaries and across cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conditions that may hamper distribution

A

poor circulation (impaired flow of blood) may prevent drug from reaching tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metabolism primary site of process

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Conditions that may hamper metabolism

A

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver, or damaged liver may prevent adequate breakdown of drug, thus causing a buildup of unmetabolized drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Excretion primary site of process

A

kidneys, sweat glands, lungs, or intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Conditions that may hamper excretion

A

Renal damage or kidney failure may prevent passage or drug waste products, thereby causing an accumulation of the drug in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

reaches widespread areas of the body

A

Systemic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Example:
acetaminophen [Tylenol] suppository, although given rectally, has the ability to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body to cause a general reduction in fever and pain

A

Systemic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is limited to the area of the body where it is administered

A

Local effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Example:

dibucaine ointment [Nupercainal], applied rectally, affects only the rectal mucosa to reduce hemorrhoidal pain

A

Local effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cellular changes

A

drug actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

physiological changes

A

drug effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The site of absorption of drug varies according to the following physical properties of each drug:

A
  1. pH
  2. Lipid (fat) solubility
  3. Presence or absence of food in the stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

drugs of a slightly acidic nature are absorbed well through the ______

A

stomach mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

drugs of an alkaline pH are not absorbed well through the stomach, but are readily absorbed in the alkaline environment of the ______

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

oral medications for infants (syrup and solutions) may not be absorbed well after ____

A

infant feedings

38
Q

substances high in lipid solubility are quickly and easily absorbed through the

A

mucosa of the stomach

39
Q

Alcohol and substances containing alcohol are soluble in lipids. They are rapidly absorbed through the

A

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

40
Q

Substances low in lipid are not absorbed well through the ______ and are absorbed best when given by a means other than the GI tract

A

stomach or intestinal mucosa

41
Q

it is not lipid soluble but taken orally

A

neomycin drug

42
Q

food in the stomach tends to slow absorption due to a ____ emptying of the stomach

A

slower

43
Q

If a fast drug is desired, an _____ will facilitate quicker absorption

A

empty stomach

44
Q

term when drug is transformed in the liver

A

biotransformation

45
Q

is an increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body.

A

cumulative effect

46
Q

refers to a condition that results from exposure to either a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount

A

Toxicity

47
Q

Patient-related variables affecting

drug effects

A

Patient Parameters

48
Q

Patient Parameters

A
  • Age
  • Weight
  • Sex / Gender
  • Psychological State
49
Q

metabolism and excretion are slower in the _____, therefore attention must be paid to possible cumulative effects

A

elderly

50
Q

they have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly and sometimes in unexpected ways; therefore, frequent assessment is imperatice

A

children

51
Q

generally, the bigger the person, the ____ the dose should be

A

greater

52
Q

is an inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug is present

A

placebo

53
Q

the action of two drugs working together in which one helps other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone

A

Synergism

54
Q

drugs that work together are said to be

A

synergistic

55
Q

the action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other

A

Potentiation

56
Q

the opposing action of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels out the effect of the other

A

Antagonism

57
Q

Response of drugs used in

combinations

A

Drug Interactions

58
Q

Drug Interactions

A
  • Synergism
  • Potentiation
  • Antagonism
59
Q

Dosage

A
  • Minimum
  • Maximum
  • Loading
  • Maintenance
  • Toxic
  • Lethal
  • Therapeutic
60
Q

smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect

A

Minimum dose

61
Q

largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity

A

Maximum dose

62
Q

initial high dose (often maximum dose) used to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the blood (often followed by a series of lower maintenance doses)

A

Loading dose

63
Q

dose required to keep the drug blood level at a steady state in order to maintain the desired effect

A

Maintenance dose

64
Q

amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning

A

Toxic dose

65
Q

dose that causes death

A

Lethal dose

66
Q

dose that is customarily given (average adult dose based on body weight of 150 lb); adjusted according to variations from the norm

A

Therapeutic dose

67
Q

How do drugs travel?

A

Route of Administration

68
Q

Route of Administration

A
  • GI tract routes

- Parenteral routes

69
Q

GI tract routes

A
  • Oral (PO)
  • Nasogastric tube (NG)
  • Rectal (R)
70
Q

Parenteral routes

A
  • Sublingual (SL) or buccal
  • Injection routes
  • Topical
  • Inhalation
71
Q

Injection routes

A
  • Intravenous (IV)
  • Intramuscular (IM)
  • Subcutaneous (SC)
  • Intradermal (ID)
  • Intracardiac, Intraspinal, Intracapsular
72
Q

Topical

A
  • Dermal (D)

- Mucosal

73
Q

is the easiest, but the effects are slower because of the time required for disintegration of drugs in the alimentary canal before absorption

A

Oral route

74
Q

is the fastest: drugs enter the bloodstream immediately and are administered by a physician, registered nurse or paramedic

A

Intravenous route

75
Q

are less common and are administered by the physician

A

Intracardiac, Intraspinal, Intracapsular

76
Q

is the best route for treatment of emergencies because of the speed of action

A

Intravenous

77
Q

Unexpected response to drugs

A

Adverse Drug Effects

78
Q

Adverse Drug Effects

A
  • Teratogenic
  • Idiosyncratic/Idiosyncrasy
  • Tolerance
  • Dependence
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Anaphylaxis
79
Q

effect from maternal drug administration that causes the development of physical defects in a fetus

A

Teratogenic effect

80
Q

unique, unusual response to a drug

A

Idiosyncrasy

81
Q

decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given

A

Tolerance

82
Q

acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological and/or physical symptoms of withdrawal when the drug is discontinued

A

Dependence

83
Q

involves only a psychological craving, no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety

A

Psychological dependence

84
Q

exists when cells actually have a need for the drug, symptoms of withdrawal include retching, nausea, pain, tremors, and sweating

A

Physical dependence

85
Q

immune response (allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees

A

Hypersensitivity

86
Q

nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are __ considered signs of allergies

A

not

87
Q

severe, possibly fatal, allergic response

A

Anaphylactic reaction

88
Q

hives

A

urticaria

89
Q

reddened, warm skin

A

hyperemia

90
Q

is a cardiac drug that must be given cautiously because of its potential for causing a cumulative effect.

A

Digoxin

91
Q

if Digoxin accumulates, the heart rate may slow to a _______

A

dangerously low level

RT 208 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions