11.1

Question 1

What is somatosensory information that travels INTO the SNS from the body called?

Answer 1

Afferent information

Question 2

What is somatosensory information that travels OUT of the SNS into the body called?

Answer 2

Efferent information

Question 3

How does the spinal cord connect the somatosensory and motor systems?

Answer 3

Through the central nervous system

Question 4

In a cross-section view of the spinal cord, what area sends sensory information?

Answer 4

Posterior tracts

Question 5

In a cross-section view of the spinal cord, what area sends motor information?

Answer 5

Anterior tracts

Question 6

What is a posterior root?

Answer 6

The point where SNS nerves merge into a bundle of fibers and enter the spinal cord

Question 7

What is an anterior root?

Answer 7

The point where a fiber bundle leave the spinal cord’s anterior side and carry information out from the spinal cord to the muscles.

Question 8

How is the basal ganglia involved in motor action?

Answer 8

Gauges amount of force needed to complete a movement

Question 9

How is the cerebellum (in the brainstem) involved in motor action?

Answer 9

Regulates the movement’s timing and accuracy

Question 10

What is a motor sequence?

Answer 10

Movement modules preprogrammed by the brain and produced as a unit

Question 11

What are the three regions of the frontal lobe involved in movement, from front to back?

Answer 11

Prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex

Question 12

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in movement?

Answer 12

It plans complex behavior (doesn’t specify what movements to make);
It thinks about the abstract plan needed to complete a goal.
Makes the decision on which goal to select

Question 13

What is the role of the premotor cortex in movement?

Answer 13

Organizing and coordinating complex movement sequences (think of the monkey with the food on the table)

Question 14

What is the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in movement?

Answer 14

Producing focal skilled (precise) movements, action initiation, sending the body signals to execute motor sequence

Question 15

What happens to a person if there is damage to M1?

Answer 15

They will have difficulty reaching and shaping fingers to perform various hand grasps, difficulty speaking (moving lips and tongue)

Question 16

What happens to a person is there is damage to the anterior prefrontal cortex?

Answer 16

They may have difficulty planning or deciding upon a task

Question 17

What is an example of parallel organization?

Answer 17

The fact that we can make a variety of plans and make whole-body or discrete movements independently of each other (e.g. talking and walking and picking up a glass)

Question 18

What role does the brainstem play in movement?

Answer 18

It controls species-typical behaviors (innate behaviors)

Question 19

What is locked-in syndrome?

Answer 19

A condition in which a patient is aware and awake but cannot move or communicate verbally because of complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles expect the eyes

Question 20

What causes locked-in syndrome?

Answer 20

Damage to the brainstem

Question 21

What are three key observations from experimenting with species-typical behavior?

Answer 21

1. The brainstem controls species-typical behaviors
2. Species typical behaviors are complex and coordinated
3. Species-typical behaviors are adaptive

Question 22

What is cerebral palsy?

Answer 22

A disorder primarily of motor function, in which making voluntary movements becomes difficult, while many aspects of conscious behavior controlled by the cortex may remain intact

Question 23

What is often the cause of cerebral palsy?

Answer 23

Damage to the brainstem before or shortly after birth

Question 24

What is quadriplegia?

Answer 24

Paralysis and loss of sensation in arms and legs (damage to cervical region of spinal cord)

Question 25

What is paraplegia?

Answer 25

Paralysis and loss of sensation confined to legs and lower body (injury to spinal cord below cervical nerves)

Question 26

What kind of sensory information can sometimes remain intact in cases of complete quadreplegia?

Answer 26

The sense of pain Spinal reflexes still function too

Question 27

What is the scratch reflex?

Answer 27

An automatic response in which an animal's hind limb reaches to remove a stimulus from the surface of the body

Question 28

The CNS regions and pathways involved in motor control display both a(n) ________ and a(n) _________ arrangement

Answer 28

Hierarchical; parallel

Question 29

The ________ cortex plans movements, the _______ cortex organizes movement sequences to carry out the plan, and the ______ cortex executes precise movements

Answer 29

Prefrontal; premotor; motor (M1)

Question 30

The ________ is responsible for species-typical movements, for survival-related actions, and for posture and walking

Answer 30

Brainstem

Question 31

In addition to serving as a pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, the _________ independently produces reflexive movements

Answer 31

Spinal cord

Question 32

Explain what happens when the brain is disconnected from the spinal cord and why.

Answer 32

Lower-level functions in the motor hierarchy can continue in the absence of higher-level ones, but the higher levels provide voluntary control over movements. When the brain is disconnected from the spinal cord, movement can no longer be controlled at will.