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QCAA Unit 1 & 2 Biology > 1.1.1 Biological Molecules/1.1.2 Cell Biology > Flashcards

1.1.1 Biological Molecules/1.1.2 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 functions of Carbohydrates?

A
  1. Act as a source of energy in plants and animals
    - eg. sugars, starch, glycogen
  2. To play a structure role in plant cell walls
    - eg. cellulose
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2
Q

define alpha glucose

A

H on top and OH on bottom

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3
Q

define beta glucose

A

OH on top H on bottom

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4
Q

What is the monomer and polymer for Carbohydrates

A

Monomer - monsaccharide

Polymer - Polysaccharide

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5
Q

what is the monomer and polymer for proteins

A

monomer - amino acids

polymer - polypeptide

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6
Q

what is the monomer and polymer for Nucleic acids?

A

monomer - nucleotide

polymer - DNA

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7
Q

define monomer

A

one of many small molecules that combine to form a larger one

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8
Q

define polymer

A

large molecule made up of small repeating units

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9
Q

what is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

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10
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

the elimination of water allows monosaccharides to bond together

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11
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

breaking the chemical bond by the addition of a water molecule

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12
Q

what are the 2 substances in starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

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13
Q

what type of glucose is starch

A

Alpha - that forms amylose and amylopectin

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14
Q

what linkages does Starch form?

A

Amylose - 1,4 glycosidic

Amylopectin - 1,6 glycosidic

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15
Q

Does starch have branching?

A

amylose - no: straight chains

amylopectin - yes: some branchin

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16
Q

what type of glucose is cellulose?

A

Beta

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17
Q

what type of linkages does cellulose have?

A

1,4 glycosidic
1,6 glycosidic
(flips 180 degrees with each molecule)

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18
Q

does cellulose have branching?

A
  • no: straight chain that rotates 180 degrees

- forms microfibrils

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19
Q

define primary structure of protein

A

a sequence of amino acids which form a polypeptide chain - linked by peptide bonds

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20
Q

define secondary structure of protein

A

alpha helix (swirl) and beta pleated sheet (zig-zag)

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21
Q

define tertiary structure of protein

A

tertiary: the folding of alpha helix to form specific 3D shapes
R groups interact to form bonds:
- Hydrogen bond (OH-H)
- Ionic bond (+ and - charges)
- disulfide bridges (S-S)
- Hydrophobic interactions (clustering of hydrophobic groups away from water)

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22
Q

define quaternary structure of proteins

A

Two or more polypeptide chains in tertiary form combine to form complexes joined by bonds similar to those in tertiary structure

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23
Q

Which elements make up protein?

A

C,H,O,N

24
Q

what are lipids made up of?

A

C,H,O, plus phosphorous as phosphate in phospholipids

25
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

glycerol head, phosphate group and 2 fatty acids

26
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol head

27
Q

what bond does a carbohydrate form?

A

glycosidic

28
Q

what bond does a protein form?

A

peptide

29
Q

what bond does a lipid form?

A

ester

30
Q

starch, glycogen and cellulose are all…

A

polysaccharides

31
Q

what are the features of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • DNA in a nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • do not contain plasmids
  • larger: 80s ribosomes
32
Q

what are the features of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • free DNA not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
  • no organelles
  • contain some plasmids
  • smaller: 70s ribosomes
  • cell wall made of murein
33
Q

what are fungal cell walls made of?

A

chitin

34
Q

do animal cells have cell walls?

A

no

35
Q

what is the benefit of having a large SA:V ratio?

A

Increases the rate of diffusion

36
Q

what is the main function of mitochondria?

A

site where ATP is produced during respiration

37
Q

what is the structure of a Mitochondria?

A
  • two membranes separated by a fluid filled space
  • Inner membrane is folded to form cristae
  • Central part is the matrix
38
Q

what is the function of a choloroplast?

A
  • site of photosynthesis

- light energy is used to derive carbohydrate molecules from carbon dioxide

39
Q

what is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • 2 membranes separated by a fluid filled space
  • inner membrane is continuous with a network of thylakoids
  • a stack of thylakoids is called a granum
  • chlorophyll molecules are present on these membranes
40
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

A

Synthesises and transports proteins made on attached ribosomes

41
Q

what is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Involved in making carbs, lipids and steroids

42
Q

what is the structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Consists of flattened membrane-bound sacs (cisternae), which are continuous, with the outer membrane

  • Rough ER - Ribosomes
  • Smooth ER - no ribosomes
43
Q

what is the function of the Golgi Body?

A
  • receives proteins from the ER
  • modifies them e.g. adds sugar
  • packages proteins into vesicles to be transported inside or outside the cell
44
Q

what is the structure of the Golgi Body?

A

Stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs

45
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis which acts as an assembly line to use mRNA to assemble proteins

46
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • very small organelles in the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER
  • consists of 2 subunits
47
Q

what is the function of the nucleus (including nuclear envelope and pore)

A
  • contains genetic material

- contains instructions for making proteins

48
Q

what is the structure of the Nucleus?

A
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope

- has nuclear pores

49
Q

what is the function of a lysosome?

A
  • contains digestive enzymes which break down materials
50
Q

what is the structure of a lysosome?

A

spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane

51
Q

what is the function of a vacuole?

A
  • storing water in plant

- helping maintain turgor pressure within a cell

52
Q

what is the structure of a vacuole?

A
  • surrounded by a tonoplast

- filled with cell sap

53
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane?

A
  • selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells
54
Q

what is the structure of a cell membrane?

A
  • composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
55
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • provides rigidity, tensile strength, structural support
56
Q

what is the structure of a cell wall?

A

composed of cellulose in plant cells. Chitin in fungi. Peptidoglycan in bacteria

57
Q

Recall the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

QCAA Unit 1 & 2 Biology (7 decks)

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