Renal/Bladder and Testis Cancer Flashcards
What places may a transitional cell carcinoma arise?
1) Bladder (50%)
2) Ureter
3) Renal Pelvis
What is the main epidemiology and risk factors for a TCC?
E: M:F - 3:1, >40y/o
RF: Smoking, occupational expose (Carcinogens), increasing age, FH and Male
What are 5 main symptoms of TCC?
1) Painless Haematuria
2) Frequency
3) Urgency
4) Dysuria
5) UT obstruction
What are the main investigations for a TCC?
1) Urine dipstick
2) Blood tests
3) Flexible cystoscopy (diagnostic)
4) Imaging of upper urinary tract (To confirm the TCC is no where else in the UT)
5) TURBT
What are the main potential risks of flexible cystoscopy?
1) UTI’s
2) Difficulty passing urine
Why would a TURBT be done in someone with a TCC?
Histological and staging(TNM) analysis
What is the main treatment for someone with muscle invasive bladder cancer (T2,T3)?
1) Radical cystectomy (Gold standard)
2) +/- neo-adjuvant chemotherapy
3) Radical radiotherapy if unwilling/unfit to have cystectomy
How is a non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated?
1) TURBT
2) Chemotherapy to reduce chance of recurrence and progression to muscle invasion
What is the main treatment for T4 TCC? (Invasion beyond the bladder)
1) Palliative chemo/radio
2) Chronic catheterisation for pain
What helminth can cause squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?
Schistosomiasis
What is the most common cause of renal cancer in children?
Wilms tumour
Why do renal carcinoma patients barely present with any symptoms of the disease?
Most patients are incidentally detected and diagnosed through imaging for other conditions before they show any symptoms
What are the main 3 signs of renal cell carcinoma?
1) Haematuria
2) Flank mass
3) Loin pain
What 3 locations may be seen that a renal cell carcinoma could metastasise to?
1) Lymph Nodes
2) Lungs
3) Bones
What reasons could a renal cell carcinoma cause left sided varicocele?
If renal tumour obstructs where the gonadal vein drains into the renal vein, blood can back up and so could see left sided varicocele
