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Geography > UKs Evolving Landscapes > Flashcards

UKs Evolving Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

How are igneous rocks formed

A

They are formed by magma from the molten interior of the earth.
When magma erupts it cools inside the earth which forms igneous rock

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2
Q

How is a sedimentary rock formed

A

Formed from sediments that have settled at the bottom of the lake, sea or ocean

Have been compressed over millions of years

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3
Q

How is a meta morphic rock formed

A

They are formed by a rock being put under immense amounts of heat and pressure causing them to change into a metamorphic rock

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4
Q

2 types of igneous rock and characteristics

A

Granite
Basalt
Impermeable
Very resistant to erosion

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5
Q

type of metamorphic rocks and characteristics

A

Slate
Very resistant
Impermeable

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6
Q

2 types of sedimentary rock and characteristics

A

Chalk
Clay
Permeable

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7
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering

A

1.Water enters the rock
2.water freezes and expands widening the crack (below 0)
3 the ice melts water goes deeper into crack
4 process is repeated until rock splits

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8
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Plants and animals effecting rocks. Roots burrow down weakening the structure if the rock until it breaks away

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9
Q

Explain one type of biological weathering

A

1 Plants roots get into smalls cracks in the rock
2 As the roots grow the cracks become larger
2 This causes small pieces of rock to break down

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10
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Rainwater and sea water contain weak acids

Over time the acids dissolve weak rock such as limestone or chalk

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11
Q

What are sea walls

A

Concrete walls placed at the foot of the cliff to prevent erosion. They are curved so they reflect the energy back into the sea

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12
Q

What is rock armour

A

Large boulders placed at the foor of the cliff. They break the waves and absorb their energy

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13
Q

What are gabions

A

Rocks which are held in mesh cages and placed in area affected by erosion

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14
Q

What are groynes

A

Wooden or rock structures built at right angles into the sea

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15
Q

What is beach replenishment

A

Sand and shingle from the sea bed is moved towards the beach

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16
Q

What is beach reprofiling

A

Reshaping the beach using existing beach material

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17
Q

What is dune regeneration

A

Grass planted in sand dunes to stabilise the dunes and helps to trap sand to build them up

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18
Q

What is dune fencing

A

Fences are built on the sandy beaches, which encourage new dunes to form

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19
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sea walls

A

Very effective
Very long lasting

Very expensive £2000 per metre
Very ugly

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20
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of groynes

A

Not to expensive
Builds up beaches

Starves the beack further down the coast line of sediment
Look unattractive

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21
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of gabions

A

Cheap and easy to mantain £100 per metre
Absorbs wave energy

Not very strong
Looks unatural

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22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of rock armour

A

Relatively easy to maintain
Effective at reducing wave energy

Can beshifted if the rock is too small
Expensive to transport

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23
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

Blends in with the existing beach
Creates wider beaches

Can kill or destroy animal habitats
Expensive and has to be repeated

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24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach reprofiling

A

Provides an effective buffer for the coastline
Looks reasonably natural

Can be expensive
Has to be done regularly

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25
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

Wave energy is absorbed
It is cheap

The protection is limited to a small area
Can be damaged by storms or waves

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26
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune fencing

A

Constructed out of natural material
Have minimal minimal impact on natural systems

Can be damaged by storms
Needs maintenance

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27
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

A concordant coastline has the same type of rock along its length

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28
Q

What is a discordant coastline

A

A discordant coastline has two types of rock soft and hard bays and headlands form here

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29
Q

How does a cove form

A

1.For a cove to form hard and soft rock must alternate
2. The hard rock cliff may suddenly crack as erosion weakens a section of the cliffs
3. Overtime The hard-rock erodes to expose a less resistant rock behind it
4. The less resistant rock erodes much quicker so the Cove widens more in the soft rock band
5. Erosion continues to widen the Cove but cannot extend further inland due to another band of hard Rock
6. Finally waves defect as they passed to the Coves opening

30
Q

What is a headland and a bay

A

A bay is it inlet of sea where The land curves inwards usually with a beach

a headland is another piece of land that projects from a coastline into a sea

31
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

An emotional process in which the wave hits the cliff using shear force to erode it 

32
Q

What is abrasion

A

Erosional processes in which pieces of sediment are thrown at a cliff By a wave

33
Q

What is attrition

A

Wave action causes rocks and pebbles to hit each other wearing each other down to become around in smaller

34
Q

What is corrosion/solution

A

Seawater in the rain water contain weak acids overtime rocks and cliffs are eroded by it

35
Q

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps formation

A

The cave wide and deep and due to both marine erosion and sub aerial processes and eventually a large hole will form through the other side of the headland

this is known as an arch the arch continues to widen until it is unable to support itself the top falls due to its own weight through mass movement

this leaves a stack as one side of the arch becomes detached from the mainland

With marine erosion attacking the base of the stack eventually the stack will collapse into a stump

36
Q

What is marine erosion.

A

The wearing away and breaking up of a rock along the coast

37
Q

Describe the process of longshore drift

A

Waves approach the coast at an angle

Swash Carrys sediment up the beach at an angle

Backwash carry sediment down the beach with gravity at a right angle to the sea

This creates a zigzag movement of sediment along the beach

38
Q

How does a wave cut notch and platform form

A
  1. The sea attacks the base of the cliff between high and low tides
  2. A wave cut not is formed by a erosional processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action
  3. As the notch increases in size the cliff becomes unstable and collapses leading to the retreat of the cliff face

4.The backwash carries away eroded material, leaving a wave cut platform

  1. The process repeats which makes the cliff continue to retreat
39
Q

What is sub aerial processes

A

The processes of weathering and mass movement

40
Q

Constructive waves characteristics

A

These waves are are low in height and have limited energy

They have a strong swash but weak backwash

They tend to build the beaches by depositing sediments

41
Q

Destructive wave characteristics

A

These waves are high powerful waves

Have a weeks wash but strong backwash

They erode the coastline by removing material from beaches and cliffs

42
Q

How do waves form

A

Waves are created by winds as they blow over the sea

Shallow water near the coast causes friction with the seabed

The top of the water is travelling faster so it starts to tip forward

The wave then topples forward or breaks

43
Q

What is solution

A

Chemicals are dissolved into the sea water

44
Q

What is suspension

A

Particles and smaller rocks are light enough to float within the waves

45
Q

What is traction

A

Large rocks rolled along the seabed

46
Q

What is Saltation

A

Pebbles or small rocks that are too heavy to be suspended bounce along the seabed

47
Q

How to spits form

A

Spits are formed due to deposition

Longshore drift occurs along the coastline but as the wave lose energy the deposit the sediment

Normally due to going into a sheltered area such as behind the headland or a mouth/estuary

The deposit of sediment overtime this creates a spit

48
Q

What are rockfalls

A

Occur on sloped cliffs when the rock becomes exposed to mechanical weathering often Freeze thaw which causes rocks to roll down a cliff

49
Q

What are landslides

A

Water between sheets of rock and the rock face reduces friction and allows large chunk of rock to slide down the cliff

50
Q

What are mudflows

A

Saturated soil flows down the face of a hill like a fluid bulging at the bottom in a lobe

51
Q

What are rotational slips

A

Also known as slumps, soil and rock fragments become saturated with water however instead of sprawling down the hill like a mudflow chunks of rock and soil slip creating stepped heads down the cliff face

52
Q

What is a wave cut notch

A

A dent in the cliff usually at he level of high tide

53
Q

Describe the upper course

A

The upper course as many tributaries which are narrow and. V-shaped

Each tributary doesn’t carry a lot of water but combined the tributaries all fill up the river channel further down

The sides of the tributaries tend to be like a valley With a large gradient either side so water run into the tributary

54
Q

Describe the middle course

A

The tributaries merge together to form a channel, which is rounder in shape and deeper, to adjust to the increase in water

The more water that passes by, the larger the energy of the water of the water which leads to more erosion to take place to widen the channel The area around the river channel is​flat and low-lying​,which is the ​floodplain​ if the river needs to flood.

55
Q

Describe the lower course

A

The lower course Carries the largest volume of water it is in a very wide and very deep channel

There are ridges either side of the river banks called levees

this size of the valley has increased so it is even wider and flatter than the middle course

56
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

Interlocking spurs are found in the upper course of the river where the water doesn’t have a lot of energy so it isn’t very powerful

the low energy means the water isn’t strong enough to erode resistant rocks, instead the river rerouting curls around them

57
Q

Describe the lower course

A

The lower course carries the largest volume of water in a very wide and very deep channel.

There are ridges either side of the river banks called leeves

58
Q

Solution in rivers

A

Chemicals dissolved in the river water

59
Q

Suspension in rivers

A

Particles and small rocks are light enough to float within water

60
Q

Saltation in rivers

A

Pebbles and small rocks are to heavy to be suspended , bounce along the river channel

61
Q

Traction in rivers

A

Large rocks are rolled along the river bed

62
Q

What is deposition in rivers

A

Deposition is the dropping of the rivers load when the water in a river decreases in speed

If the River Travels slower, the water has less energy and can carry less material

63
Q

River land forms in the upper course

A

Waterfalls

Interlocking spurs

V shaped valley

64
Q

River land forms in the middle course

A

Gorges

Meanders

65
Q

River land forms in the lower course

A

Flood plains

Ox bow lake

River estuary

66
Q

How do water falls form

A

In an area where a river flows
over an area of hard rock and
soft rock, the soft rock erodes
more quickly.

The soft rock erodes away from the hard rock over time creating a step

The soft rock continues to erode undercutting the hard rock The hard rock is left suspended in the air as an overhang

Due to the force of gravity the unsupported overhang collapses on the broken up rocks fall into the plunge pool which acts as tools for erosion and further deep into the plunge pool

Erosion continues to undercut underneath the hard rock creating overhang again further upstream

The continual process of the overhang collapsing causes the waterfall to retreat upstream

67
Q

What are gorges

A

Gorgeous form from water falls as the waterfall retreats upstream it leaves behind A steep valley carved into the rock with a river running along the base

68
Q

How do meanders form

A

Water travels faster on the outside of the bend which means lateral erosion

On the opposite side the water travels slowly and changes direction sharply until the water loses energy and deposit sediment

69
Q

Which river landforms are found in the upper course

A

-Waterfalls
-Interlocking spurs
-V shaped valley

70
Q

Which river land forms are found in the middle course

A

-Gorges
-Meanders

71
Q

Which river land forms are found in the middle course

A

-Flood plains
-Ox bow lake
-River estuary

Geography (10 decks)

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