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Biology Paper 2 > Topic B5 - HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

Topic B5 - HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE Flashcards

1
Q

What does HOMEOSTASIS do?

A

Maintains the optimal conditions for enzyme action

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2
Q

What is HOMEOSTASIS?

A

HOMEOSTASIS is the REGULATION of the conditions inside your body and cells.

It maintains a stable internal enviroment in response to changes in internal and external conditions.

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3
Q

What THREE things in your body are maintained by control systems?

A

1) BODY TEMPERATURE
2) BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
3) WATER CONTENT

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4
Q

What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A

Made up of glands that secrete chemicals (A.K.A HORMONES) directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to the target organs.

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5
Q

What are the 6 MAJOR GLANDS in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A

1) PITUITARY GLAND
2) THYROID
3) ADRENAL GLAND
4) PANCREAS
5) OVARIES (FEMALE ONLY)
6) TESTES (MALE ONLY)

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6
Q

What does each gland do in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A

1) PITUITARY GLAND -
‘Master Gland’ Stimulates other glands

2) THYROID -
Produces Thyroxine

3) ADRENAL GLAND -
Produces Adrenaline

4) PANCREAS -
Produces Insulin

5) OVARIES (female) -
Produces Oestrogen

6) TESTES (male) -
Produces Testosterone

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7
Q

6 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM glands and what they do?

A

1) Pituitary Gland =
stimulates other glands

2) Thyroid ~> THYROXINE
3) Adrenal gland ~> ADRENALINE
4) Pancreas ~> INSULIN
5) Ovaries (female) ~> OESTROGEN
6) Testes (male) ~> TESTOSTERONE

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8
Q

What are the five steps to reduce blood glucose?

A

1) Blood with too much glucoseq
2) Pancreas detects high glucose and secretes insulin
3) Insulin causes glucose to move into cells
4) Insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles
5) Blood glucose reduced

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9
Q

What are the 4 steps to increase blood glucose?

A

1) Blood too little with glucose
2) Glucagon secreted by the pancreas
3) Glucagon makes the liver turn glycogen into glucose, which is released from the liver
4) Blood glucose increased

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10
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas produces little or no insulin

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11
Q

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Cells no longer respond to insulin properly

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12
Q

What is the effect of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels

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13
Q

How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

Insulin Injections

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14
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be treated?

A

Carbohydrate controlled diet and regular exercise

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15
Q

What is a major risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes.

A

Obesity

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16
Q

What is the pathway of Adrenaline?

A

1) Adrenaline is released in response to fear or stress
2) ~> Increases heart rate
3) ~> Increases supply of OXYGEN and GLUCOSE to MUSCLES and BRAIN
4) ~> Readies body for FIGHT or FLIGHT

17
Q

What is Thyroxines role?

A

REGULATES the basal metabolic rate and is important for protein synthesis for growth and development.

THYROXINE levels are controlled by negative feedback.

18
Q

PUBERTY definition

A

When the body starts releasing sex hormones, which trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g facial hair in men and breasts in women)

19
Q

What is a mans main reproductive hormone?

A

Testosterone

simulates sperm production

20
Q

What is a womens main reproductive hormone?

A

Oestrogen

21
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle? (A.K.A, Period)

A

Stage 1 - Menstruation starts. Uterus lining breaks down

Stage 2 - Uterus lining builds up into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to recieve a fertilised egg

Stage 3 - Egg develops and is released from ovary - this is called ovulation

Stage 4 - Wall is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on wall, lining breaks down and cycle starts again

22
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

23
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes an egg to mature in an ovary.

24
Q

What does oestrogen do to uterus?

A

Causes uterus lining to grow

25
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

Maintains uterus lining

26
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Lutenising Hormone

27
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates ovulation.

28
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

in vitro fertilisation

29
Q

How can fertility be increased in women?

A

Women who can’t get pregnant can be given a fertility drug containing FSH and LH. If a women can’t get pregnant using medication, she may choose to try IVF.

30
Q

IVF pathway

A

Stage 1) Woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate several egges to mature.

Stage 2) Eggs collected from ovaries.

Stage 3) Eggs fertilised in lab using the man’s sperm.

Stage 4) Fertilised eggs are grown into embryos.

Stage 5) Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the woman’s uterus.

31
Q

Three Negatives of IVF

A

1) Emotionally and physicslly stressful
2) Low success rate
3) Can lead to multiple births, which can be dangerous for mother and babies.

Biology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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