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D3 Condensed > Washington State & Oregon Condensed > Flashcards

Washington State & Oregon Condensed Flashcards

1
Q

The Cascade Mountains have an important rain-shadow effect on grape growing in:

A

Washington State.

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2
Q

Ribbon Ridge AVA - describe it

A
  • Ribbon Ridge AVA
    • By far the smallest AVA in Willamette Valley
    • Island like ridge that rises 200m from the Chehalem Valley
    • Located in the west of Chehalem Valley AVA
    • Vineyards:
      • Low in nutrient
      • Protected from the wind by surrounding ranges
      • Consistently warm growing season
      • Sedimentary soil is relatively deep but low in nutrients
      • Soils have moderate water holding capacity
      • All of the above factors lead to concentrated ripe grapes
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3
Q

What is the signature varietal of Long Island AVA?

A

Merlot

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4
Q

Climate of Long Island AVA?

What is unexpected about this climate?

A
  • Climate
    • the AVA is surrounded by water
      • Atlantic Ocean
      • Peconic Bay – the estuary between the two forks
      • Long Island Sound – between the island the Connecticut coast
    • The climate is maritime with a long growing season
    • The water bodies keep the temperatures higher due to their slow release of heat from the summer – lengthens the growing season
    • Unexpectedly able to ripen black grapes as a consequence
    • Northern Fork
      • is slightly warmer and more protected from Atlantic Ocean’s weather
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5
Q

What is Finger Lakes renowned for producing?

A

Riesling: From Dry-Sweet (Though the majority is med-dry).

Also Chardonnay & Cab Franc

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6
Q

2nd most planted varietal in Southern Oregon?

A

Pinot Gris

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7
Q

Rogue Valley AVA

A
  • Rogue Valley AVA
    • Further south and includes Applegate Valley sub-AVA
    • Close to the California border
    • Climate
      • Warmest and driest conditions of all Oregon’s growing regions
      • Cooling influence comes from altitude – 250 to 950mRL!
      • Altitude is provided by Klamath Mountains and Cascade Range
      • Cool afternoon and evening breezes drawn in from the Pacific Ocean through the Rogue River valley
    • Varietals
      • Wide range of varietals grown
      • Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Tempranillo and Pinot Noir
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8
Q

What is Washington’s largest AVA?

A

Columbia Valley

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9
Q

Eola-Amity Hills AVA - describe it

A
  • Eola-Amity Hills AVA
    • is a ridge of north to south hills
    • hills are rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentary soil
    • east of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA
    • affected by the same cool ocean winds that impact Van Duzer AVA which leads to slower ripening
    • hillside vineyard sites – at 75-250mRL
    • due to a range of aspects and altitudes within the AVA – a greater variation in how the vineyards are impacted by the winds
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10
Q

Which 3 AVAs are shared between Oregon and Washington?

A

Walla Walla AVA / Columbia Valley AVA / Columbia Gorge AVA

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11
Q

The climate of Oregon?

A
  • Has a marginal climate – more so than California or Washington state
  • Most wine regions are situated in the western part of the state – just inland from Pacific Ocean
  • Coast range provides some protection from Pacific influences
  • Wines regions have a cool to moderate climate
  • Latitude of 42-46 degrees north
  • Influence of cold ocean currents and winds from the Pacific Ocean
  • Long daylight hours in the summer and autumn aid grape ripening
  • Most growing areas experience high levels of annual rainfall
  • Most rainfall falls in winter – summer months are generally dry
  • Willamette Valley – for example, 1000mm on average per year – only 200mm falls from April to September
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12
Q

The viticultural practices, varietals of Yakima Valley?

A
  • Viticulture
    • Chardonnay is most planted
    • Then Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot, Syrah and Riesling
    • Frosts and winter freeze can be hazardous on valley floor
    • Plantings mainly on slopes
    • warmer sites better for black grapes, cooler for white grapes
    • Irrigation essential
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13
Q

Yamhill-Carlton district AVA - describe it

A
  • Yamhill-Carlton District AVA
    • South facing bowl
    • Contains a series of horseshoe-shaped eroded hills composed of ancient sedimentary soil
    • 970Ha. planted
    • Vast majority is Pinot Noir
    • North west of Willamette Valley
    • Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area
    • The factors:
      • South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL
      • Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
      • Sheltered nature
      • Leads to wines with:
        • Riper fruit flavours
        • Fuller bodies
        • Lower acidity levels
        • Of many other AVAs
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14
Q

Irrigation from the ____ is a major source of water to the vineyards of Washington.

A

Columbia River

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15
Q

Ribbon Ridge is both the ____ and the _____ AVA in Oregon.

A

Newest and Smallest

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16
Q

Columbia Valley AVA’s climate?

A
  • Climate
    • Sheltered by the Cascade Mountain ranges
    • Creates an arid desert-like area
    • Only 150-250mm of rainfall!
    • Continental with hot summers, and rapid cooling in autumn and cold winters
    • Latitude of 46-48 degrees north so long daylight hours
    • High diurnal range helps to retain acidity
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17
Q

The New York state labelling laws?

A
  • Wine labelling laws
    • 75% must be made from the varietal on the label
    • 85% of the grapes must be from the AVA stated on the label
    • 95% of the grapes must be from the Vintage stated on the label
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18
Q

What minimum percentage of grapes in Oregon Pinot Gris must come from the AVA stated on the label?

A

95%

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19
Q

McMinnville AVA - describe it

A
  • McMinnville AVA
    • Located between Yamhill-Carlton AVA (north) and Van Duzer Corridor AVA (south)
    • Influenced by both AVAs
    • Some sites protected from Pacific Ocean influence by the Coast Range mountains
    • Other sites have some ocean influence as per Van Duzer Corridor AVA
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20
Q

If an appellation of origin is quoted on the label what are the minimum labelling requirements under Federal laws?

A
  • Appellation of origin
    • 75% of grapes must come from stated county, state, etc
    • Must state percentage of each varietal in each state if appellation crosses state borders!
    • 85% of grapes must be from vintage if vintage claim made
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21
Q

The climate of Southern Oregon is …………. than Willamette Valley

A

Warmer

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22
Q

Pinot Gris is the 2nd most planted varietal in Oregon - describe the wines and winemaking used

A
  • Pinot Gris
    • Made in dry and off-dry styles
    • Current trend to drier styles
    • Range of winemaking techniques
      • Whole-bunch pressing and cool fermentation – create a fruity style
      • Use of skin contact, old barrels, lees contact to increase complexity and texture
    • Wines tend to be:
      • Medium to full-bodied
      • Medium to medium+ acidity
      • Pear, peach and melon fruit with a nutty, honeyed note
      • Good to very good quality
      • Mid-priced
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23
Q

Where will you find most plantings and wineries in Oregon?

A

Willamette Valley AVA

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24
Q

Pinot Noir is the most important varietal in Oregon, describe the winemaking and the wines made

A
  • Pinot Noir
    • Wide range of techniques employed
    • Increasing amount of whole bunch used
    • Plus some winemakers experimenting with:
      • Ambient yeast
      • Alternative fermentation and storage vessels – such as Amphorae
    • Wines:
      • Majority are matured in oak vessels
      • Proportion of new oak has decreased
      • Generally:
        • Medium+ acidity
        • Medium to medium+ tannins
        • High alcohol
        • Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum
        • Good to outstanding quality
        • Premium priced to super premium
      • Bergstrom and Evening Land are significant producers
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25
Q

Most planted varietal of Columbia Valley AVA?

Followed by ?

and then?

and then?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

followed by Merlot

then Chardonnay

then Riesling

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26
Q

The second most planted varietal of Oregon?

A

Pinot Gris - but it is decreasing in favour of Chardonnay

27
Q

Umpqua Valley AVA and Rogue Valley AVA are both located in the ____ part of ___.

A

Southern part of Oregon.

28
Q

Which AVA is shared between Oregon and Idaho?

A

Snake River AVA

29
Q

What is the most planted white grape in Willamette Valley?

A

Pinot Gris

30
Q

Most planted varietal in Southern Oregon?

A

Pinot Noir - 40%

31
Q

Which 3 factors contribute to prime grape-growing conditions in Oregon’s Wilamette Valley?

A
  • Long sunny days, cool summers and mild winters.
  • Protection from maritime influence by Coastal Range.
  • Cool, temperate climate provided by being in a valley, Coastal Range to the west, Cascades to the East.
32
Q

Horse Heaven hills AVA - is the 2nd biggest AVA of the Columbia Valley in hectares planted, desribe its growing environment and what is principally grown there

A
  • 6500 Ha. of grapes planted
  • 25% of Washington’s total grape production
  • Climate
    • As per Columbia Valley AVA
    • With sloped topography and Columbia River at southern border, both cause strong winds
    • Winds give some protection from frost and lower disease pressure and help to lengthen the growing season
  • Viticulture
    • 66% black grapes
      • Cabernet Sauvignon
      • Merlot and Syrah
    • 34% white grapes
      • Chardonnay
      • Riesling
    • Most vineyard planted on south facing slopes
    • Slopes provide warm and sunny conditions
  • Wines

Red wines: ripe, full bodied-red wines – often high

33
Q

What is distinctly different about Rogue Valley compared to Umpqua Valley?

A

Has significant altitude - 250 up to 950mRL

34
Q

Red Mountain AVA is a sub AVA of Yakima Valley AVA, describe it and the key wine produced

A
  • Red Mountain AVA
    • East of Yakima valley
    • Largest plantings
    • Relatively small AVA but most densely planted
    • Plantings on south-west facing slopes
    • Climate is amongst warmest in Washington
    • Soils are poor in nutrients
    • Careful irrigation – produces low yields of concentrated fruit
    • Black grapes dominate
      • Cabernet Sauvignon
        • Produce ripe, full-bodied wines
        • Often high levels of alcohol
        • High diurnal range helps to retain acidity
35
Q

The climate of Finger Lakes is cool continental - describe it and how the lakes affect the local climate of the AVA.

A
  • Climate
    • One of the coolest AVAs in the US
    • Continental climate – warm summers and cold winters
    • The 11 finger shaped lakes have a big impact on the AVA’s climate
      • The topography of the region – slopes towards the lakes
      • Enables cold air to drain towards the water
      • Lakes warm the air and rises creating a vacuum that draws more cold air off the land
      • The lakes can generate their own lake-effect snow which can also help insulate vines during the winter
      • Lakes provide a warming influence in the autumn enabling the grapes to ripen over a longer period and reduces the risk of autumn frosts
      • In the spring, cool air from the lakes delay budburst and reduce chance of damage in spring frosts
36
Q

Southern Oregon vineyard’s are typically ……….?

Dry farmed vineyards in southern Oregon are generally planted to ?

A

Irrigated

Rhone varietals not Pinot Noir

37
Q

Which larger AVA is Yakima Valley AVA located within?

What are the other 2 most important AVAs of WA state?

A

Within Columbia Valley AVA

Walla Walla AVA / Horse Heaven Hills AVA

38
Q

Cabernet Franc is the most planted vitis vinifera black grape in Finger Lakes AVA - describe the varietal, winemaking and wine style made

A
  • Cabernet Franc
    • The most planted Vitis vinifera black grape
    • Mid-ripening and winter hardy
    • Able to produce adequate yields of ripe grapes in most years
    • Less new oak maturation is being used
    • Some are now making a Cabernet Franc with no oak maturation
    • Tend to use French or Hungarian oak
    • Wines:
      • Medium- to medium body and tannins
      • Flavours of red cherry, cranberry and black plum
      • Sometimes with a herbaceous note
      • Often good to very good quality and mid-priced
39
Q

Wahluke Slope AVA is located within which AVA / in which state?

A

Columbia Valley AVA / Washington

40
Q

What affect does the Cascade Mountain range have on Washington state AVAs?

A

Creates a protective rain shadow, which shields the eastern portion of WA state from rainy/cool weather originating in the Pacific Ocean.

This creates a continental, high-desert climate w/hot cummers, v. cold winters and little rainfall.

41
Q

Dundee Hills AVA, details?

A
  • Dundee Hills AVA
    • Most well known AVA – the first where Pinot Noir was planted
    • Series of volcanic hills – running north south with lateral ridges east-west
    • Vineyards from 60mRL to 325mRL
    • Altitude helps to retain acidity
    • AVA is warmer than others due to protection on the west (Coast range mountains) and north (Chehalem mountains)
    • Enables full fruit ripeness
    • Soils – high proportion of red iron-rich clay
    • Clay soils helps with water retention
42
Q

What are the climatic factors that lead to the ripe styles of wine from Yamhill-Carlton AVA?

A
  • Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area
  • The factors:
    • South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL
    • Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
    • Sheltered nature
    • Leads to wines with:
      • Riper fruit flavours
      • Fuller bodies
      • Lower acidity levels
      • Of many other AVAs
43
Q

climatic risks for Walla Walla Valley?

A

Spring and autumn frosts

44
Q

The Oregon wine laws are tougher than the rest of the USA - what are they?

A
  • Laws
    • 100% of grapes must be grown in Oregon to be labelled Oregon wine
    • 95% of grapes must be from AVA to be labelled with that AVA (normally 85%)
    • 90% of the grapes must be that variety to be labelled as such (75% normally)
    • 100% of grapes for a wine to be labelled as ‘estate-bottled’ must be grown in the wineries AVA and fully finished at the estate
45
Q

Hazards (and those that are not) of viticulture in Columbia Valley AVA

A
  • Hazards:
    • Low phylloxera risk due to sandy soils
    • Low disease and pest pressure due to the arid conditions and very cold winters – reduces use of pesticides
    • Frosts and winter freezes are the main hazards – vineyards planted on the slopes to avoid them
46
Q

Normally, when you move south to north in the Northern Hemisphere it gets cooler, however moving from Southern Oregon’s Willamette Valley to the more northerly Washington Columbia Valley the varieties grown go from cool~moderate loving Pinot Noir to the moderate~warm loving Cabernet Sauvignon. Why is that?

A

The Cascade Mountains protect the more northern regions from the cooling effects of the Pacific Ocean.

The rain shadow also results in Columbia Valley being very dry, with long daylight hours and consistent summer temperatures. Irrigation with river water is necessary.

47
Q

Riesling is the Finger Lakes most planted varietal - describe in detail the winemaking and wine style made

A
  • Riesling
    • Most planted and reputed V. vinifera grape variety
    • Some producers make a range of Riesling wines – from dry to sweet
    • Wines have:
      • High acidity
      • Medium- to medium body
      • Fresh flavours of apple, lemon and peach
      • Alcohol levels range from low to medium – depending on style made
    • Winemaking uses protective techniques and fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel
    • Some use a few hours of skin contact to enhance flavour and texture plus maybe some lees contact to enhance texture
    • Sweet wines are made using some late-harvesting, botrytis and/or stopping fermentation early
    • Wines are good to very good with some outstanding examples in quality
    • Mid-priced to premium price
48
Q

There are 19 AVAs in Oregon but 4 are multistate AVAs - name them

A
  • Northern border – three multistate AVAs – Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley and Walla Walla Valley
  • Eastern border – Snake river Valley AVA
49
Q

In which state would you find Finger Lakes?

A

New York State

50
Q

Walla Walla Valley’s main vineyard plantings are where?

A

in the north east of the AVA up against the Blue Mountain foothills, with altitude up to 600mRL

51
Q

What percentage of the grape stated on the bottle has to be included for:

USA / Oregon?

A

75% (90% for Oregon)

52
Q

Details on the Umpqua Valley relating to where it is, Climate, Production, varietals.

A
  • Umpqua Valley AVA
    • Northern part of Southern Oregon AVA
    • At confluence of the three mountain ranges
      • Coast range
      • Cascade range
      • Klamath Mountains
    • The Umpqua river flows through the region
    • Diverse range of vineyard sites with different altitudes – 50 to 400mRL, different aspects and soils
    • Climate
      • Northern area is relatively cool for southern Oregon
        • Due to northern location with the area
        • Cool afternoon breezes that blow through the Umpqua river gorge
    • Production
      • Northern area
        • Mainly produces Pinot Noir plus Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling
      • Central and southern area
        • Warmer area – red wines from Syrah, Merlot and Tempranillo
53
Q

The Wine business of Washington State - how has it changed, who is the biggest producer, etc.

A
  • Wine Business
    • 2nd largest wine producer in the USA
    • Annual volume of 1.4 to 1.6 mhL
    • Over last 40 years evolved from Riesling to now producing a range of Bordeaux and Rhone varietals
    • 10 wineries in 1975 to 200 in 2000, now 940!
    • Now 22,000 Ha. – had doubled since 2000!
    • One large company – Ste. Michelle Wine Estates (produces .81mhL)
    • Most wine is sold in the state – exports very small
    • Only the largest wineries are sold throughout the USA
54
Q

Hazards of viticulture in Long Island AVA?

A
  • Hazards
    • The high humidity means fungal diseases are problematic
      • Windy weather in coastal sites can help
      • But options to control it such as spraying, leaf removal to improve air circulation around the grapes, and sorting grapes in the vineyard or winery
55
Q

Pinot Noir wines are the key varietal of Oregon - how do these wines look generally?

A
  • Wines:
    • Majority are matured in oak vessels
    • Proportion of new oak has decreased
    • Generally:
      • Medium+ acidity
      • Medium to medium+ tannins
      • High alcohol
      • Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum
      • Good to outstanding quality
      • Premium priced to super premium
56
Q

The Chehalem is one of the seven AVAs of the Willamette Valley - describe it

A
  • Chehalem Mountains AVA
    • Defined by a ridge in northern Willamette Valley
    • 20 miles in length and 5 miles in breadth
    • Runs south east to north west
    • Vineyards between 60 and 305 mRL
    • Ridge at 500mRL provides a windbreak
    • Diversity of vineyard sites – range of altitude, aspects, soils types
    • Most plantings of any sub AVA

Large number of wineries

57
Q

All three sub AVAs of Yakima Valley are planted on ?

A
  • All have vineyards on elevated ridges – enable air flow and avoid winter freezes and frosts
58
Q

What are the 4 major AVAs of New York State?

A

Finger Lakes AVA

Long Island AVA

Hudson River Valley AVA

Lake Erie AVA

59
Q

Van Duzer Corridor AVA - describe it

A
  • Van Duzer Corridor AVA
    • South west of Willamette Valley
    • Break in the Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon, cooling the vineyard
    • Early in the season the winds can disrupt flowering and fruit set
    • Later in the season the winds can cause the vine leaf stomata to shut and slow ripening
    • It also reduces disease pressure
    • Soils are marine sediment loam and silt, shallow and well-draining
60
Q

Whites wines in Long Island are Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay - but how are they made in general terms.

A
  • white wines
    • Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling and Pinot Gris
      • Made in a dry, light-bodied style
      • Fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel
      • Made in a fruity, unoaked style for early consumption
    • Chardonnay
      • Unoaked style or fermented/matured in oak
      • Often MLF and lees ageing
      • Creates a fuller-bodied, creamy, toasty style
      • Med+ acidity
61
Q

List the following AVAs north to south (1 = northernmost, 5 = southernmost).

A. Chehalem Mountain

B. Eola-Amity Hills

C. Ribbon Ridge

D. McMinnville

E. Dundee Hills

A
  1. Chehalem Mountain
  2. Ribbon Ridge
  3. Dundee Hills
  4. McMinnville
  5. Eola-Amity Hills
62
Q

What is the key route to market for Long Island wineries?

A

Cellar Door sales - local tourism from New York city and Hamptons

63
Q

Red wines of Long Island - how are they matured?

A
  • red wines
    • are matured in oak – mostly French
    • proportion of new oak is common to add vanilla and clove to the Bordeaux varieties, such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc
    • wines can be single varietal or blends
64
Q

What hybrid varietal is used in Finger Lakes for ice wines?

A

Vidal

D3 Condensed (27 decks)

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