Unit 3 KA4-5 Flashcards
Five freedoms
Became law following the animal welfare act (2006).
They are the freedom :
- from hunger & thirst
- from discomfort
- from pain, injury or disease
- from fear & distress
- to express normal behaviour
Free range farming
High costs, as it requires more land and investment, and is more labour intensive.
Animals are contented, stress free and breed better.
Products eg. eggs and milk are of a higher quality and sell at a higher price.
It is more ethical with high welfare standards.
Intensive farming
Cost effective and efficient with lower costs and higher profits.
Animals often show unnatural behaviours, indicating poor welfare.
Stereotypy
Repetitive movement lacking in variation eg. pacing, chewing movements.
Seen in animals with bare or confined living conditions.
Misdirected behaviour
A normal behaviour is directed inappropriately towards itself, another animal or its environment.
Occurs in animals which are confined or isolated, as a result of stress.
Examples include excessive grooming, feather pecking or bar chewing.
Failure to reproduce
Animals may fail to breed successfully, they may reject their offspring and fail to parent them effectively.
It is solved by improving social contact in spacious enclosures, as animals learn these behaviours from others.
Hysteria
A high level of activity, also known as hyper-aggression.
Reduced by enriching the environment and improving social contact.
Apathy
Low level of activity and excessive sleeping.
Associated with boredom or stress.
Enrich environment and increase social contact to reduce this behaviour.
Enrichment
Improving an animal’s environment - more space, suitable bedding and flooring etc.
Reduces occurrence of indicators of poor welfare
Symbiosis
An ecological relationship between 2 species which live in close contact with each other.
The relationship has developed as a result of co-evolution.
There are 2 types - parasitism and mutualism.
Co-evolution
2 species evolve together.
A change in one species acts as a selection pressure, resulting in a change in the other.
eg host/parasite relationship.
Parasitism
A parasite gains its food from its host, which is harmed or loses resources to the parasite.
There is balance between the defence mechanisms of the host and the damage inflicted by the parasite.
Parasites do not kill their host (or only kill it when their lifecycle is complete).
Transmission of parasites
Direct contact eg. head lice
Resistant stages eg. fleas produce larvae and eggs that can survive adverse conditions for long periods
Use of a vector eg. mosquito to carry Plasmodium ( single celled parasite that causes malaria)
Direct parasite life cycle
Eggs are shed and pass straight to a new host.
Only one species of host is involved.
Common in parasites that live on the outside of their host.
Indirect parasite life cycle
Highly evolved lifecycle involving a primary and secondary host.
The primary host becomes infected when it consumes/is invaded by an infected secondary host.
The secondary host may act as a vector.
eg. tapeworm, schistosome parasite
