Lake District

Question 1

what is the Lake District?

Answer 1

upland landscape in Cumbria

Question 2

what are the three main groups of rocks found in the lake district?

Answer 2

skiddaw group
borrow dale volcanic
windermere series

Question 3

the skiddaw group

Answer 3

the oldest, formed as black muds + sands settling on sea bed 500 mill yrs ago -> they have since been raised up + folded by tectonic forces, mainly found in the N + mountains formed = smooth, w many streams occupying deep gorges

Question 4

borrowdale volcanic rock

Answer 4

consist of very hard lava + ash formed in eruption 450 mill yrs ago that have withstood erosion + make up the highest mountains eg Scafell, Helvellyn + great gable

Question 5

the windermere series

Answer 5

sedimentary mudstones, sandstones, siltstones + some limestone about 420 mill yrs ago -> later folded + faulted, pushed up + eroded down to their present levels

Question 6

what other two significant geologies are there?

Answer 6

• huge masses of granite were intruded 400 mill yrs ago -> erosion has revealed outcrops in eskdale, ennerdale + Shap
• shell + skeletal remains as 320 mill yrs ago a tropical sea covered the LD -> huge no.s of small marine animals formed the carboniferous limestone which crops out at whit barrow, scout scar in the south

Question 7

the present landscape is a result of which glaciation period?

Answer 7

Pleistocene

Question 8

what is the helvellyn range?

Answer 8

11km long ridge over 600 m high with numerous glacial erosional landforms

Question 9

what is an example of a pyramidal peak?

Answer 9

helvellyn summit at 950m above sea level

-> lacks more than two corries on its flanks hence has been less sharply eroded on their back walls

Question 10

what allowed valley glaciers to form ?

Answer 10

corrie glaciers

Question 11

what is the tarn called?

Answer 11

Red Tarn

Question 12

what is the very narrow arête called?

Answer 12

Striding edge

Question 13

what did ice from the red tarn do?

Answer 13

flowed into the valley of glen ridding, forming a valley glacier large enough to create a small glacial trough
this then fed into much larger valley glacier + glacial trough occupied by ullswater today

Question 14

why is ullswater floor irregular?

Answer 14

volcanic bands of rock

Question 15

an example of a Roche moutonnee?

Answer 15

Norfolk island -> formed on an outcrop of the volcanic rock in the middle of the lake

Question 16

what landforms are there on the west side of helvellyn range?

Answer 16

truncated spurs + hanging valleys
one of the spurs contains a stream , helvelllyn gill which has a series of small waterfalls as it drops 500m in just over 2km from low mod to thirlmere

Question 17

how were the drumlins fields formed?

Answer 17

ice moved radially in all directions
eg south to Lancashire, east into n Yorkshire
they are extensive fields south of kendal

Question 18

what are the characteristics of the drumlins?

Answer 18

lie on carboniferous rocks + range from 50m to 125m, they have broad rounded tops + freq steep sided, some drumlins rock cored while others consist entirely of till
rarely found above 300m above sea level

Question 19

what is the average elongation ratio of drumlins?

Answer 19

3:1

Question 20

where is an example of lateral moraine?

Answer 20

right bank of Langstrath valley -> distinctive appearance due to lack of mass movement process on the valley side

Question 21

an example of medial moraine?

Answer 21

runs down the centre of Wythburn valley

Question 22

example of recessional moraine?

Answer 22

Blea Water tarn in mardale

Question 23

terminal moraine

Answer 23

the saddle valley SE of Keswick, 10 m - 15m high, 200-400m long
the saddle beck cut through it + today it is eroded + degraded

Question 24

what depositional landform is common in the LD?

Answer 24

erratics, a no. of erratics from borrowdale volcanic group have been transported 30 km SE + deposited on carboniferous limestone at witherslack
best known lakeland erratics are those from Shapiros