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Phys 2 test 3 INTRANET > phys2test3part2 > Flashcards

phys2test3part2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does satiety mean?

A

Desire for food is satisfied.

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2
Q

With metabolism the hypothalmus receives input from where?

A

GI, CNS, Adipose.

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3
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is the feeding center?

A

Lateral nuclei.

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4
Q

What will the feeding center or lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus do?

A

Drives search for food.

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5
Q

What happens when the lateral nuclei or feeding center of the hypothalamus is stimulated?

A

Hyperphagia (constant hunger) and obesity.

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6
Q

What happens with destruction of the lateral nuclei or feeding center of the hypothalmus?

A

Lack of desire for food.

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7
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is the satiety center?

A

Ventromedial nuclei.

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8
Q

What happens when the satiety center or ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus is stimulated or damaged?

A

Stimulated- Satiety and aphasia. Damaged- Voaracious and continued eating.

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9
Q

Besides the lateral nuclei what part of the hypothalamus will control feeding?

A

Dorsomedial nuclei.

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10
Q

Besides the ventromedial nuclei what part of the hypothalamus will control satiety?

A

Paraventricular nuclei.

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11
Q

Modulation of feeding happens in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalmus and is affected by what?

A

GI/adipose hormones.

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12
Q

What are the 2 neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

POMC, Orexigenic.

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13
Q

What will the POMC do?

A

Decreases intake of food and increases energy expenditure.

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14
Q

What will the Orexigenic do?

A

Increases food intake and decreases energy expenditure.

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15
Q

What are the hormones that regulate appetite?

A

CCK, Leptin, Insulin, Ghrelin.

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16
Q

What is released from the orexigenic neurons and what will they do?

A

AGRP antagonist at melanocortin receptors to inhibit effects of alpha-MSH (Eat more). NPY- inhbits POMC firing and increases appetite.

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17
Q

Defects in the signaling of the POMC pathway will do what?

A

Cause extreme obesity.

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18
Q

What is the most common defect of the POMC pathway?

A

MCR-4

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19
Q

What happens with excessive stimulation of the POMC pathway?

A

Anorexia and wasting.

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20
Q

What are 3 of the short-term food regulation that turn eating off?

A

Oral factors, GI filling, GI hormones.

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21
Q

What is a short-term food regulation that turns eating on?

A

Ghrelin.

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22
Q

Where will ghrelin be released from?

A

Oxyntic cells of stomach and intestine.

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23
Q

What is the glucostatic/aminostatic/lipostatic theory?

A

Low glucose/amino acids/ fatty acids= hunger and feeding. High glucose/ amino acids/ fatty acids= increased firing of the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei which is the satiety center and decreased eating.

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24
Q

What is the adipose feedback system?

A

Adipocytes—> leptin —> signals excess energy storage—-> inhibits appetite.

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25
Q

In the last decade excess body fat has increased by how much?

A

30%.

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26
Q

How many USA adults are overweight and how many are obses?

A

overweight- 64% and 33% are obese.

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27
Q

Each 9C of excess equals what?

A

1g of fat.

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28
Q

How many more adipocytes will obese people have and what are the adipocytes size like?

A

Obese people have 4 times as many adipocytes and they are 2 times the normal size.

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29
Q

What is the % of body fat in females and males?

A

Females- 35% males- 25%.

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30
Q

What are the causes of obesity?

A

Genes, lifestyle/diet/environment. Genes play a lesser role than the other stuff.

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31
Q

A single episode of strenuous activity increases the BMR for how long?

A

Hours.

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32
Q

How much energy is needed for muscular activity in an average person vs. a laborer?

A

Average person- 25-30%. Laborer- 60-70%.

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33
Q

How common is an abnormal ventromedial nuclei in obese people?

A

Rare.

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34
Q

What % of obese people have genetics as a related cause?

A

20-25%.

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35
Q

With a BMI (body mass index) of 25-30 how many Calories less should we eat to lose weight?

A

500C/day, and increase activity.

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36
Q

With a BMI (body mass index) greater than 35 how many Calories less should we eat to lose weight?

A

500-1000C/day with increased activity.

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37
Q

What are sympathomimetics?

A

Drugs that decrease hunger.

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38
Q

What are the problems with sympahtomimetics?

A

Cause CNS stimulation and hypertension, and adaptation occurs wo weight loss is only 5-10%.

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39
Q

Surgery in obese people decreases mortality by up to what %?

A

40%.

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40
Q

What % of obses people who had surgery to reverse the obesity will have a reversal of obesity?

A

75-85%.

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41
Q

What type of obese people are candidates for surgery?

A

Those with BMI above 40 or above 35 with DM or HTN.

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42
Q

What are the health effects of surgery on obses people?

A

Nutritional deficiency.

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43
Q

What is inanition?

A

Starvation.

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44
Q

What is anorexia?

A

Reduction in food intake caused by central neural processes.

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45
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Metabolic increased energy expenditure.

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46
Q

What is the wasting syndrome of AIDS and cancer?

A

Cachexia.

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47
Q

What is starvation?

A

Depletion of food stores in body tissues.

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48
Q

What will the body use for energy in starvation?

A

CHO.

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49
Q

How much glycogen is stored in the body and where is it at?

A

Only few 100g stored as glycogen in liver/muscles. Enough energy for 1/2 day.

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50
Q

What is the problem with using fat for energy?

A

Fat makes ketones that can cross the BBB and cause ketosis.

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51
Q

With starvation how are proteins consumed?

A

rapid depletion at first and then slowed depletion until fat store is depleted, and there will be a rapid depletion before death.

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52
Q

With starvation what happens to water soluable vitamins?

A

They are depleted in several weeks.

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53
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All bodily chemical reactions.

54
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Rate of heat liberation of bodily chemical reactions.

55
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

A unit of energy released from foods or expended by bodily processes.

56
Q

1 calorie will raise 1g of water how many degrees?

A

1 degree C.

57
Q

1 calorie = 1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie which equals what?

A

Unit of metabolism.

58
Q

How many calories will a man in bed all day need?

A

1650 calories.

59
Q

How many calories will a man in bed and eating need a day?

A

1850 calories.

60
Q

How many calories will a man sitting in a chair all day need?

A

2250 calories.

61
Q

Physical activity increases energy expenditure by how much?

A

25%.

62
Q

Walking stairs takes how much more energy than lying in bed?

A

17 times.

63
Q

A laborere uses how many calories a day?

A

6000-7000 calories a day.

64
Q

What is the BMR (basal metabolic rate)?

A

Minimum energy expenditure for body to exist.

65
Q

Skeletal muscle uses how much of the BMR?

A

20-30%.

66
Q

What will thyroxine do to the BMR?

A

Increase it 50-100%. While a loss of thyroxine can decrease BMR 40-60%.

67
Q

What will testosterone do to the BMR?

A

Increase it 10-15%.

68
Q

What will GH do to the BMR?

A

Increase it 15-20%.

69
Q

What will a fever do to the BMR?

A

Increase it 120% for every 10 degrees C.

70
Q

What will sleep do to the BMR?

A

Decrease it 10-15%.

71
Q

What will malnutrition do to the BMR?

A

Decrease it 20-30%.

72
Q

What will the skin temperature be?

A

the surface varies with temperature of surroundings.

73
Q

What is the normal core temperature?

A

97-99.5 degrees F.

74
Q

What is the average body temperature?

A

98.0- 98.6 degrees F.

75
Q

What temperature will be considered extreme cold and extreme hot?

A

cold- below 96, and hot- 101-104.

76
Q

Rate of heat production is what?

A

Metabolic rate of the body.

77
Q

What makes up 60% of how heat is lost?

A

Radiation infrared heat rays, electromagnetic waves.

78
Q

How much heat is lost through conduction?

A

15%, but it requires heated air to be continually moved away from skin.

79
Q

When temperature of surroundings is greater than skin what is the only method of cooling?

A

Evaporation.

80
Q

How is sweating accomplished?

A

Anterior hypothalamus—> autonomic pathways to spinal cord—-> sympathetic outflow—> sweating.

81
Q

What hormones stimulate sweating?

A

Cholinergic (Ach) and EPI/norepi.

82
Q

Epi/norepi are important stimulators of sweating glands when?

A

During excersise.

83
Q

What is the composition of sweat like?

A

Similar to plasma.

84
Q

What part of the brain will detect temperature?

A

The preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.

85
Q

What will help to prevent hypothermia?

A

Shivering, inhibiting sweating, vasoconstriction.

86
Q

Name 3 temperature decreasing mechanisms?

A
  1. Vasodilation. 2. Sweating. 3. Decrease in heat production.
87
Q

How is vasodilation done?

A

Inhibiting sympathetic system.

88
Q

Name 3 ways to increase temperature?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction. 2. Piloerection. 3. Increased heat production.
89
Q

How is vasoconstriction done?

A

Sympathetic stimulation.

90
Q

How important is piloerection in increasing temperature?

A

of little importance in humans.

91
Q

How can piloerection increase temperature?

A

Traps a layer of air for insulation next to the skin.

92
Q

What can cause a fever?

A

Brain or toxin.

93
Q

What temperature will cause heat stroke?

A

105-108 degrees F.

94
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

A

Dizziness, GI distress, vomit, delirium, LOC.

95
Q

How can brain lesions cause a fever?

A

Compression or damage to hypothalamus.

96
Q

What are febrile diseases?

A

Pyrogens: breakdown products of bacteria or tissues which causes a rise of set points of hypothalamus and recruits heat production and heat conservation and causes a fever.

97
Q

Exposure to ice water for 20-30 minutes causes death due to what?

A

Heart standstill or fibrillation.

98
Q

What cold temperature will cause death?

A

77 degrees F.

99
Q

What is frostbite?

A

Freezing of bodily surfaces.

100
Q

What is ice crystals in skin?

A

Permanent damage of cells/vessels.

101
Q

Name 4 roles of cholesterol?

A
  1. Membrane component. 2. Steroid synthesis. 3. Bile acid/salt precursor. 4. Vitamin D precursor.
102
Q

Name 3 sources of cholesterol?

A
  1. Diet. 2. De novo synthesis. 3. Cholesterol synthesized in extrahepatic tissues.
103
Q

What is a major dietary source (animal product) of cholesterol?

A

eggs.

104
Q

We absorbe what % of dietary cholesterol?

A

50%.

105
Q

Increased intake of dietary cholesterol equals what?

A

Decreased absorption.

106
Q

How much dietary cholesterol is excreted a day and in what form?

A

1 g/day in bile acids.

107
Q

If we assume 400 mg intake a cholesterol a day how much is absorbed and how much is excreted?

A

Absorbed-200mg. Excreted- 1000mg.

108
Q

So if we assume 400 mg cholesterol intake a day how much de novo synthesis of cholesterol is made?

A

800 mg a day.

109
Q

How will lowering cholesterol intake effect blood cholesterol?

A

Very little effect.

110
Q

Cholesterol synthesis is similar to what pathway?

A

Ketogenic.

111
Q

Where will cholesterol synthesis happen at?

A

In cytosol.

112
Q

What is needed for cholesterol synthesis?

A

NADPH and ATP.

113
Q

How regulated in cholesterol synthesis?

A

It is highly regulated.

114
Q

What areas of the body will cholesterol be synthesized at?

A

80% in liver, 10% in intestines, 5% in skin.

115
Q

What is HMG CoA reductase used for?

A

Enzyme used in synthesis of cholesterol.

116
Q

How many enzymes are used in synthesis of cholesterol?

A

Many.

117
Q

What is the short term regulation of HMG CoA reductase?

A

Inhibited by phosphorylation.

118
Q

HMG CoA reductase is phospharylated and made active by ATP so when ATP is low what happens?

A

The body wont waste energy on cholesterol synthesis and wont phospharylate the HMG CoA reductase.

119
Q

What is proteolysis and how will it be a long term regulation of HMG CoA reducatse?

A

It is breaking down of proteins into smaller substances.

120
Q

What will cholesterol and cholesterol metabolites do to HMG CoA reducatse?

A

It has a negative feedback and will cause a long term regulation of HGM CoA reductase.

121
Q

What will SREBP-2 and SREBP-1c do?

A

These both are transcriptional regulations of cholesterol synthesis. SREBP-2= mainly regulates cholesterol synthesis. SREBP-1c= mainly regulates fatty acid synthesis.

122
Q

Transcriptional regulation of cholesterol synthesis responds to cellular levels of what?

A

Sterols.

123
Q

What happens when sterol levels are low?

A

SREBP-2 is released.

124
Q

How will statins decrease cholesterol?

A

By decreasing HMG CoA reducatase activity.

125
Q

What will Bile sequestering agents do?

A

Lower cholesterol by binding bile acid and then more bile acids will need to be made from cholesterol.

126
Q

What will oat bran do to cholesterol?

A

Lower it because it is a soluable fiber.

127
Q

What will Niacin do?

A

Inhibits VLDL excretion and may cause a fatty liver, but 3-8 grams a day will lower cholesterol.

128
Q

What is RYR?

A

Red yeaste rice.

129
Q

RYR will do what?

A

Lowers cholesterol by acting like a statin and decreasing the HMG CoA reductase activity.

130
Q

Name 2 other things that will lower cholesterol?

A

Policosanols and garlic.

Phys 2 test 3 INTRANET (2 decks)

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