CHAPTER 1: Historical Backgrounds MCQ

Question 1

What are the “Four Ds” of abnormality?

A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger

B) defiance, dissociation, dysfunction, and danger

C) deviance, distress, dysphoria, and damage

D) defiance, dissociation, dysphoria, and damage

Answer 1

A) deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger

Question 2

Who decides the general criteria for defining abnormality?

A) medical doctors
B) psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
C) society

Answer 2

C) society

Question 3

Cara is a successful social media personality. She is the author of several best-selling books and recently gave a TED talk on building a personal brand. She also adheres to a strict diet wherein all of her food must be the same color. Cara is most likely:

A) suffering from abnormality.
B) eccentric.

Answer 3

B) eccentric.

Question 4

Trephining, a process of cutting holes in the skull, is believed to have been used as a psychological treatment in order to:

A) restore balance among the 4 vital humors.

B) undo possession by the devil.

C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.

D) cure a seizure disorder.

E) severe the connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.

Answer 4

C) release spirits that were trapped inside a disturbed individual’s head.

Question 5

The Greeks’ view of abnormal behavior provided the basis of today’s:

A) psychodynamic perspective.
B) medical model.
C) psychological model.
D) DSM-5.
E) cognitive-behavioral perspective.

Answer 5

B) medical model.

Question 6

Today, ________ dominates the clinical field.

A) the psychoanalytic perspective

B) the cognitive-behavioral perspective

C) the sociocultural perspective

D) the developmental psychopathology perspective

E) no single perspective

Answer 6

E) no single perspective

Question 7

Which perspective holds that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes?

A) the somatogenic perspective
B) the psychogenic perspective
C) neither of these perspectives

Answer 7

A) the somatogenic perspective

Question 8

About what percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States receive treatment during a year?

A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Answer 8

C) 60%

Question 9

________ provides causal information and ________ provides general information.

A) Internal validity; external validity
B) External validity; internal validity
C) Independent variable; dependent variable
D) Dependent variable; independent variable

Answer 9

A) Internal validity; external validity

Question 10

Dr. Diaz wants to study whether cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms relative to no therapy. What is the INDEPENDENT variable in this scenario?

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) anxiety symptoms

Answer 10

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 11

Which design examines the incidence and prevalence of a problem in a given population?

A) natural experiment
B) longitudinal study
C) epidemiological study
D) quasi-experimental design

Answer 11

C) epidemiological study

Question 12

Which of the following designs is LEAST likely to have high external validity?

A) a case study
B) a correlational study
C) an experiment

Answer 12

A) a case study

Question 13

What technique is used for reducing the effects of preexisting differences?

A) masked design
B) placebo therapy
C) matched design
D) random assignment

Answer 13

D) random assignment

Question 14

Which of these was Philippe Pinel’s argument for his asylum reform?

A) Mental problems had a biological basis and required medication.
B) Patients were afflicted by demons and needed prayer and exorcisms.
C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.
D) Mental illness was caused by immoral behavior and could be cured with beatings.

Answer 14

C) Patients were people with illnesses that should be treated with sympathy.

Question 15

The form of experiment used MOST often to study the psychological effects of unusual or unpredictable events is:

A) a natural experiment.
B) a matched-design experiment.
C) an analogue experiment.
D) a single-subject experiment.

Answer 15

A) a natural experiment.

Question 16

To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:

A) placing all the participants sharing an important characteristic in the same group.
B) making sure there is only one participant in each group.
C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.
D) asking participants to choose the group they prefer.

Answer 16

C) flipping a coin to determine group assignment.

Question 17

A theorist who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with problems in living as:

A) pupils.
B) patients.
C) trainees.
D) clients.

Answer 17

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Question 18

If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to:

A) mental health prevention programs.
B) positive psychology programs.
C) deinstitutionalization programs.
D) outpatient therapy.

Answer 18

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Question 19

Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were:

A) physicians.
B) nobility.
C) peasants.
D) clergy.

Answer 19

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Question 20

In the Middle Ages,the model of mental illness that MOST people believed in was the:

A) moral model.
B) medical model.
C) psychogenic model.
D) demonology model.

Answer 20

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Question 21

Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more:

A) hospital-focused.
B) multicultural.
C) positive.
D) dependent on the use of medications.

Answer 21

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Question 22

Which statement about the various viewpoints of clinical psychology is TRUE?

A) Various perspectives coexist, and they often conflict and compete with one another.

B) Since the late 1950s,the biological perspective is the primary perspective taught in medical schools.

C) Although many perspectives exist, the psychoanalytic perspective remains the dominant perspective in the field.

D) Among the various perspectives,those most highly regarded are those based on the influence of external factors.

Answer 22

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Question 23

A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other mood disorders.This drug would be classified as:

A) psychogenic.
B) somatogenic.
C) psychotropic.
D) somatotropic.

Answer 23

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Question 24

What is the most famous characteristic of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547?

A) Popularly called “Bedlam,” it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients.
B) It was the first asylum founded by Hippocrates.
C) It was founded by Henry VIII as a place to house his numerous ex-wives.
D) It was the first asylum in which the moral treatment of patients was practiced.

Answer 24

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Question 25

Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than individuals with mental disorders to say:

A) “I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me.”
B) “I am in a lot of pain, and I suffer a great deal.”
C) “I wish I were not so ‘unique.’ “
D) “I’m different,and I like it.”

Answer 25

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Question 26

A researcher randomly assigned participants to two groups.Group A received the drug whenever they reported depressive symptoms to the experimenter; group B received no drugs at any point.In this study, group A was the:

A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) correlational group.
D) cross-sectional group.

Answer 26

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Question 27

Which statement BEST describes the effect of technology on mental health?

A) There is widespread consensus that technology causes deviant and dysfunctional behavior.
B) Technology has eroded society’s sense of community and people’s desire to engage with others.
C) There is no research-based evidence to support any connect between technology and mental health.
D) Technology provides new triggers for abnormal behaviors.

Answer 27

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Question 28

Which statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?

A) Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking.
B) Alcoholism tends to run in families.
C) People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms.
D) Most people with depression are helped with medication.
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Answer 28

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Question 29

How did the perception of patients with psychological problems change during the spread of moral treatment?

A) They were seen as dependent and as a drain on society’s resources.
B) They were seen as morally superior to people without psychological problems.
C) They were seen as potentially productive human beings who deserved care.
D) They were seen as religious proselytizers who treated everyone with kindness.

Answer 29

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Question 30

Freud believed that all functioning, normal and abnormal, originates from:

A) one’s underlying biological makeup.
B) unconscious psychological processes.
C) the internal battle between good and evil.
D) conscious internal drives and moral external forces.

Answer 30

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Question 31

A “fake” pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:

A) placebo.
B) confound.
C) random variable.
D) dependent variable.

Answer 31

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Question 32

Which statement about distress is TRUE?

A) Distress is a subjective experience.
B) Distress is always considered abnormal.
C) Distress is more common in young children.
D) Distress is always characterized by overt,observable signs.

Answer 32

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Question 33

The textbook authors describe the treatment of mental illness in the early 1600s as a forerunner to community mental health programs because:

A) local residents provided housing, food, and companionship to the mentally ill.
B) asylums were created to provide long-term care for those persons with mental illness.
C) government officials enacted laws to protect the rights of those persons with mental illness.
D) those persons receiving care for mental illness were required to “give back” in the form of community service.

Answer 33

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Question 34

Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health?

A) prevention and positive psychology
B) perfection and primary psychology
C) people and professional psychology
D) promotion and public psychology

Answer 34

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Question 35

Luther experiences unshakable sadness.His friends have stopped trying to cheer him up because nothing works.An ancient Greek physician would have labeled his condition:

A) mania.
B) hysteria.
C) delusions.
D) melancholia.

Answer 35

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Question 36

Which is the BEST example of baseline data in a single-subject design?

A) how well the treated behavior generalizes to a nontreatment setting
B) the level of the treated behavior at the immediate end of treatment
C) how long the treatment is maintained
D) the level of behavior before treatment begins

Answer 36

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Question 37

The group of participants that is NOT exposed to the independent variable under investigation (in an experiment)is called the:

A) control group.
B) confound group.
C) dependent group.
D) experimental group.

Answer 37

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Question 38

One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the:

A) policy of deinstitutionalization.
B) decrease in the effectiveness of medications.
C) decrease in the use of private psychotherapy.
D) move to the community mental health approach.

Answer 38

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Question 39

Which statement is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions?

A) There are more female psychiatrists than female counselors.
B) Women, as a group, prefer working in clinical settings.
C) The profession with the highest percentage of women practitioners is social work.
D) Female psychologists earn more than male psychologists.

Answer 39

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Question 40

Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a “pure experiment”?

A) The quasi-experiment does not use a control group.
B) The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison.
C) The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control.
D) The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer 40

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Question 41

Which question does the use of statistical analyses in research help answer?

A) Where does bias exist?
B) How likely is it that the study’s findings occurred by chance?
C) How many people will be directly affected by the study results?
D) Which inclusion criteria should be applied when selecting participants?

Answer 41

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Question 42

Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:

A) moral therapy.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) psychogenic therapy.
D) all psychological therapy.

Answer 42

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Question 43

Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?

A) distress
B) deviance
C) dysfunction
D) danger to self or others

Answer 43

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Question 44

Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:

A) they are not deviant.
B) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.
C) they are dangerous only to others,not to themselves.
D) while they are distressed by their behavior,others are not.

Answer 44

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Question 45

Compared with the number of patients hospitalized in U.S.mental hospitals in the 1950s,the number of hospitalized patients today is:

A) significantly less.
B) slightly less.
C) slightly more.
D) significantly more.

Answer 45

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Question 46

The asylums of the 1500s were originally:

A) churches and parishes. 
B) privately owned homes. 
C) hospitals and monasteries. 
D) prisons and government offices.
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Answer 46

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Question 47

A student says,”The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no control group,so you don’t know if the treatment is effective.” The BEST reply is:

A) You’re absolutely right.
B) If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls.
C) Researchers routinely include control participants along with the actual participants.
D) You don’t need controls; single-subject experiments are always double-masked.

Answer 47

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Question 48

In what way did the experiments performed by Bernheim and Liébault provide support for the psychogenic perspective of abnormality?

A) Using hypnosis, they could produce artificial symptoms such as blindness in healthy subjects.
B) Using small amounts of electrical current, they could induce “false” psychological problems in healthy subjects.
C) Using biofeedback systems, they could reduce anxiety symptoms in subjects.
D) Using guided imagery,they could cure patients with a variety of psychological disorders.

Answer 48

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Question 49

If a person’s primary symptom was excessive worry, the psychotropic drug MOST likely to be prescribed for that person would be an:

A) antipsychotic.
B) antidepressant.
C) antibiotic.
D) antianxiety medication.

Answer 49

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Question 50

Toward the end of the Middle Ages,cities began to flourish.How did this help foster a shift away from demonology?

A) City officials made it illegal to teach demonology.
B) Government officials took over care of the mentally ill.
C) Government officials began to treat the mentally ill as criminals.
D) The mentally ill were run out of cities and left to take care of themselves.

Answer 50

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Question 51

A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression.The researcher may therefore be confident that:

A) life stress causes symptoms of depression.
B) symptoms of depression cause life stress.
C) something else causes stress and depression.
D) life stress and depression are related.

Answer 51

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Question 52

Johann Weyer was a physician in the:

A) 1200s.
B) 1500s.
C) 1700s.
D) 1800s.

Answer 52

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Question 53

Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable.If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called:

A) irrelevant.
B) confounds.
C) masked variables.
D) random variables.

Answer 53

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Question 54

Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a
part of:

A) eco-anxiety treatment.
B) a somatogenic approach to treatment.
C) the clinical practice of positive psychology.
D) an eccentric’s level of creativity.

Answer 54

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Question 55

A society’s _____ is (are) comprised of that society’s history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts.

A) laws
B) norms
C) culture
D) conventions

Answer 55

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Question 56

What is the major ethical concern with research on Facebook users?

A) There are not enough Facebook users to make the research worthwhile.
B) Facebook users don’t always know they are being studied.
C) Research projects have not been approved by universities where they are conducted.
D) It is unethical to observe public behavior.

Answer 56

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Question 57

Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous,or “infamous,” for his work with patients who were suffering from bodily problems that had no physical basis.His patients’ disorders are termed:

A) somatogenic.
B) hysterical.
C) phlegmatic.
D) bilious.

Answer 57

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Question 58

People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be _____ than they were 50 years ago.

A) medicated with psychotropic drugs
B) hospitalized in mental institutions
C) homeless or in prison
D) treated in outpatient facilities

Answer 58

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Question 59

Hippocrates’ model of mental illness can be described as:

A) psychiatric.
B) somatogenic.
C) psychogenic.
D) supernatural.

Answer 59

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Question 60

One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups.Group A received a new drug in pill form.Group B was given an identical-looking placebo pill.A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation.In this study, experimenter bias was reduced by:

A) having experienced psychiatrists evaluate agitation.
B) having researchers who didn’t know who got which pill.
C) adding another placebo condition.
D) adding a therapy group.

Answer 60

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Question 61

Not all participants are the same.What do researchers use to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation?

A) a control group
B) random selection
C) random assignment
D) an experimental group

Answer 61

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Question 62

Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was:

A) water.
B) lymph gland fluid.
C) phlegm.
D) cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 62

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Question 63

Which feature is NOT common in managed care programs?

A) preapproval for treatment by the insurance company
B) patient choice in number of therapy sessions
C) ongoing reviews and assessments
D) limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from

Answer 63

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Question 64

It is thought that people in prehistoric societies believed abnormal behavior resulted
from:

A) advancing age.
B) a person not having a soul.
C) evil spirits that invaded the body.
D) a state of being disconnected from the Earth and nature.

Answer 64

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Question 65

In an ABAB design study,a researcher is measuring the level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program.What is the first A in the study?

A) healthy eating habits
B) exercise
C) no exercise
D) depression

Answer 65

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Question 66

Tanner is confused and usually thinks that he is a superhero.If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n):

A) stimulant drug.
B) antianxiety drug.
C) antipsychotic drug.
D) antidepressant drug.

Answer 66

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Question 67

Morgan hears voices that others do not but she is not distressed by them.This illustrates that:

A) distress must always be used to determine abnormality.
B) behavior that is not really dangerous can never be considered abnormal.
C) distress does not have to be present for a person’s behavior to be considered abnormal.
D) behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal.

Answer 67

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Question 68

Which study findings were MOST likely generated from an epidemiological study?

A) The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than it is in the United States.
B) Autism is not caused by influenza vaccinations.
C) Child abuse is often found in the backgrounds of individuals with dissociative disorders.
D) Alcoholism runs in families.

Answer 68

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Question 69

Why did many of the asylums in the 1500s became virtual prisons over time?

A) overcrowding
B) food shortages during this period
C) research linking mental illness with crime
D) public outcry over the dangers of mental illness

Answer 69

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Question 70

College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives,health,and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because:

A) the behavior is not illegal.
B) they are just considered eccentric.
C) they don’t harm anyone but themselves.
D) drinking is considered part of college culture.

Answer 70

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Question 71

A study of informed consent forms showed that:

A) most research participants don’t receive them.
B) most research participants are insulted by them.
C) many research participants don’t understand them.
D) most research participants already know their rights.
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Answer 71

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Question 72

For people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full knowledge of the nature of the study and of their rights.This principle is called:

A) risk disclosure.
B) benefit analysis.
C) informed consent.
D) privacy.

Answer 72

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Question 73

The person who brought the reforms of moral therapy to northern England was:

A) John Dix.
B) Joseph Gall.
C) William Tuke.
D) Benjamin Rush.

Answer 73

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Question 74

Deviant behavior is behavior that:

A) is illegal. 
B) violates the society's norms. 
C) is dangerous to self or others. 
D) causes dysfunction in the individual's life.
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Answer 74

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Question 75

“What is going on? The insurance company says I have to stop my anger management program now!” The client who says this is MOST likely voicing concern about a:

A) managed care program.
B) private psychotherapist.
C) community mental health agency.
D) sociocultural resource center.

Answer 75

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Question 76

The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that:

A) mental patients should be deinstitutionalized.
B) organic factors can cause mental illness.
C) antibiotics cannot “cure” viral diseases.
D) physicians should be the practitioners treating mental illnesses.

Answer 76

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Question 77

Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders)are categorized as:

A) positive psychology.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) eco-anxiety treatment.
D) preventive.

Answer 77

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Question 78

Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve:

A) releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain.
B) bringing the four body humors back into balance.
C) punishing the body for its sins.
D) giving control over to a higher power.

Answer 78

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Question 79

A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists.Which type of study design would prevent this problem?

A) longitudinal
B) double-masked
C) epidemiological
D) experimental

Answer 79

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Question 80

Researchers have shown that in a typical year in the United States, approximately _____ percent of people with psychological disorders receive clinical treatment.

A) 15
B) 30
C) 45
D) 60

Answer 80

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Question 81

The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud was:

A) prayer.
B) bloodletting.
C) hypnotism.
D) trephining.

Answer 81

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Question 82

Shaun wants to be a good participant.He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position.This is an example of:

A) subject bias.
B) a placebo effect.
C) random variation.
D) experimenter bias.

Answer 82

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Question 83

An example of an analogue experiment is:

A) following human participants who lost their homes in a tornado, starting the day after the loss and observing their stress levels over time.
B) having human participants live for a week in a simulated mental hospital to see how they respond.
C) following a group of individuals with schizophrenia over a long period of time.
D) following individuals within their natural environments and noting behavioral responses.

Answer 83

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Question 84

The goal of scientific research is BEST described as seeking to:

A) prove cause and effect.
B) advance the field of clinical medicine.
C) explain relationships between variables.
D) generate hypotheses that seek to answer global questions.

Answer 84

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Question 85

The Middle Ages condition of mass madness referred to a large group of people who:

A) believed that God did not exist.
B) had borderline personality disorder.
C) shared delusions and hallucinations.
D) engaged in violent criminal acts against others.

Answer 85

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Question 86

Research suggests that one negative effect of adolescents using social media sites is that these sites may:

A) increase peer pressure and social anxiety.
B) encourage improper language skills.
C) expose children to negative news stories.
D) reward people for underperforming in school.

Answer 86

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Question 87

How can therapists use correlational research findings in their practice?

A) Therapists can eliminate nonrelated conditions from the patient’s assessment.
B) Therapists can determine which related conditions are likely and assess for early signs of their presence.
C) Therapists can statistically determine which patients will benefit from specific treatments.
D) Therapists can employ preemptive therapy to prevent related conditions from developing.

Answer 87

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Question 88

A psychologist does a study of an individual that involves history-taking, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is then constructed of this individual so that her behavior is better understood.This study is a(n):

A) longitudinal study.
B) case study.
C) experimental study.
D) correlational study.

Answer 88

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Question 89

Which statement about deviant behavior is TRUE?

A) What is defined as deviant can change over time.
B) What is considered deviant behavior is the same across all cultures.
C) Deviant behavior is a precursor to psychologically abnormal behavior.
D) People who engage in deviant behavior are always unaware that their behavior is deviant.

Answer 89

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Question 90

A researcher’s expectations about a study can affect its outcome.The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):

A) experiment.
B) random-assignment design.
C) matched control group design.
D) masked design

Answer 90

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Question 91

People in the Middle Ages might find that a flash mob is MOST similar to:

A) mass madness.
B) melancholia.
C) trephination.
D) general paresis.

Answer 91

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Question 92

A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the era when Sigmund Freud was practicing is that:

A) fewer patients are suffering from anxiety and depression.
B) fewer patients receive outpatient treatment.
C) people are more likely to receive treatment for problems in living.
D) there are fewer specialized programs focused on treating only one type of problem.

Answer 92

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Question 93

The person who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States is:

A) John Dix.
B) Joseph Gall.
C) William Tuke.
D) Benjamin Rush.

Answer 93

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Question 94

The person who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States is:

A) John Dix.
B) Joseph Gall.
C) William Tuke.
D) Benjamin Rush.

Answer 94

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Question 95

If a researcher is unable to find many eligible participants for a study, he or she would MOST likely consider using a(n):

A) natural experiment.
B) correlational study.
C) epidemiological study.
D) single-subject experiment.

Answer 95

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Question 96

Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not:

A) dysfunctional.
B) dangerous.
C) distressed.
D) deviant.

Answer 96

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Question 97

The degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other is described as:

A) matching.
B) correlation.
C) multivariable.
D) clinical significance.

Answer 97

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Question 98

The prevalence rate for a disorder will _____ the incidence rate.

A) always be the same as
B) always be higher than
C) always be the same as or higher than
D) always be lower than

Answer 98

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Question 99

Compared with physical disorders, insurance reimbursement for treatment of mental disorders prior to enactment of the Affordable Care Act was generally:

A) nonexistent.
B) lower.
C) about the same.
D) higher.

Answer 99

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Question 100

A therapist videoconferences a client to conduct a session.This is an example of what kind of care?

A) managed care
B) telemental health
C) self-help, or group help
D) community mental health

Answer 100

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Question 101

The MOST accurate summary of what has happened in the United States since the 1950s years to protect the rights of human research participants would be that:

A) there has been important progress, but concerns remain.

B) recent changes in legal and ethical regulation of human research have virtually eliminated potential problems.

C) the current situation is as bad as it has ever been.

D) colleges and universities,but not governmental agencies,have made important progress in protecting human rights.

Answer 101

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Question 102

Seligman’s study, in which he created learned helplessness in nonhuman animals and humans, is an example of a(n)_____ study.

A) analogue
B) case
C) epidemiological
D) single-subject

Answer 102

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Question 103

A community program works to lower the poverty rate.What kind of principle of mental health care is exhibited by this approach?

A) prevention
B) isolation
C) spiritual guidance
D) experimental treatments

Answer 103

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Question 104

The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is:

A) psychiatry.
B) clinical social work.
C) psychology.
D) counseling.

Answer 104

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Question 105

Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later.This result tells us that:

A) children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior.
B) children of people with schizophrenia inherit a criminal gene.
C) criminal behavior in children causes the parents to develop schizophrenia.
D) people with schizophrenia teach their children to become criminals.

Answer 105

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Question 106

Which is an example of a case study?

A) a study involving use of a control group
B) a long-term study of a clinical client
C) a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community
D) the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats

Answer 106

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Question 107

Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by:

A) hypnotizing patients.
B) chaining patients to walls.
C) correcting underlying physical pathology.
D) encouraging patients to speak about past traumas.
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Answer 107

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Question 108

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:

A) psychedelics.
B) antineurotics.
C) psychotropics.
D) psychophysiologicals.

Answer 108

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Question 109

If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, which of the following can the researcher conclude?

A) Stress causes people to have poor health.
B) As stress increases, health decreases.
C) Poor health causes people to experience stress.
D) Mental illness causes both stress and poor health.

Answer 109

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Question 110

If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, which of the following can the researcher conclude?

A) Stress causes people to have poor health.
B) As stress increases, health decreases.
C) Poor health causes people to experience stress.
D) Mental illness causes both stress and poor health.

Answer 110

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Question 111

Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and:

A) danger.
B) damage.
C) delusions.
D) deference.

Answer 111

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Question 112

In which of these would aggressive behavior be seen as normal behavior?

A) a society that values cooperation
B) a culture that emphasizes competitiveness
C) a family that has experienced a traumatic event
D) a person who has exhibited this behavior since early childhood

Answer 112

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Question 113

Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person’s behavior is dysfunctional?

A) someone who is too confused to drive safely
B) someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class
C) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice
D) someone who cannot stay alone for even one night

Answer 113

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Question 114

What is one reason why psychologists may use quasi-experimental designs?

A) These designs have very small potential for experimenter bias.
B) These designs allow researchers to eliminate all confounds.
C) Psychologists have limited experience with other research designs.
D) It would be unethical to manipulate certain variables in human participants.

Answer 114

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Question 115

Hospitalized patients with mental illness who show symptom improvement while taking medications are likely to be discharged.Studies have shown that many of these patients:

A) fail to make lasting recoveries.
B) ultimately become a danger to others.
C) are rehospitalized in less than six months.
D) commit suicide after years of inadequate treatment

Answer 115

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Question 116

A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that “evil spirits” will be driven from the person’s body.This form of “therapy” is called:

A) couvade.
B) shaman.
C) exorcism.
D) trephination.

Answer 116

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Question 117

Which is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field?

A) a disinterest in others’ opinions or company
B) having a diagnosable mental illness
C) being creative
D) being a poor speller

Answer 117

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Question 118

If the correlation between severity of depression and age is -.05, it means that:

A) older people have more severe depression.
B) older people have less severe depression.
C) younger people have almost no depression.
D) there is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.

Answer 118

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Question 119

Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder because of the specific circumstances present in his or her life?

A) someone whose mother was depressed
B) someone whose community was recently destroyed by a hurricane
C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance
D) someone who also had an alcohol use disorder

Answer 119

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Question 120

Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g.,mysterious paralysis)could be induced by hypnosis?

A) Psychogenic
B) Somatogenic
C) Demonological
D) Moral

Answer 120

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Question 121

Which statement BEST defines treatment?

A) It is a procedure that cures an illness.
B) It is any process that provides relief to a sufferer.
C) It is a process that aids the person in developing functional coping skills.
D) It is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior.

Answer 121

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Question 122

Which statement BEST defines treatment?

A) It is a procedure that cures an illness.
B) It is any process that provides relief to a sufferer.
C) It is a process that aids the person in developing functional coping skills.
D) It is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior.

Answer 122

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Question 123

Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth.The condition is chronic and severe.If her psychiatrist prescribed medication, it would likely be a(n):

A) stimulant drug.
B) anti-anxiety drug.
C) antipsychotic drug.
D) antidepressant drug.

Answer 123

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Question 124

Correlation coefficients indicate the:

A) magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables.
B) cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
C) internal and external validity between variables.
D) significance and variability between variables.

Answer 124

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Question 125

A positive psychologist would MOST likely focus on:

A) identifying the underlying biological cause of mental illness.
B) teaching coping skills that can be used to manage stress.
C) identifying the unconscious internal processes driving behavior.
D) using biofeedback to control physiological responses to stressors.

Answer 125

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Question 126

A researcher spends 15 hours or more each day conducting experiments or doing library reading and recording observations on color-coded index cards.This person lives alone in the country but doesn’t interfere with others’ lives. The BEST description of the researcher’s behavior is that it is:

A) eccentric.
B) abnormal.
C) dangerous.
D) dysfunctional.

Answer 126

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Question 127

A theorist who views therapists as teachers of more functional behavior and thought is MOST likely to view abnormality as a(n):

A) illness.
B) spiritual issue.
C) a problem in living.
D) developmental disorder.

Answer 127

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Question 128

If a participant’s self-stimulation is observed, punished, observed again without punishment, and punished again, the design is a(n):

A) multiple baseline.
B) analogue.
C) correlation.
D) ABAB reversal.

Answer 128

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Question 129

The major advantage of a correlational study over a case study is that it:

A) allows us to determine causation.
B) is more individualized.
C) has uniform procedures that can be easily replicated.
D) requires fewer participants.

Answer 129

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Question 130

The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n):

A) variable.
B) experiment.
C) correlation.
D) hypothesis.

Answer 130

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Question 131

A researcher finds that individuals who report large numbers of “hassles” in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress.Those who report fewer hassles generally report lower levels of stress.The correlation between number of hassles and stress level is:
A) positive. B) negative. C) curvilinear. D) nonexistent.

Answer 131

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Question 132

A psychologist was interested in the effect of hunger on psychological disturbances.The psychologist deprived half of a group of healthy volunteers of food for one day and fed the other half normally.The next day, all participants took the MMPI-2. What was the independent variable?

A) the level of food deprivation
B) the MMPI-2
C) the results on the MMPI-2
D) the length of time the psychologist controlled food intake

Answer 132

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Question 133

The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services is called:

A) sociological therapy.
B) the medical approach.
C) private psychotherapy.
D) the community mental health approach.

Answer 133

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Question 134

A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skills.This psychologist is MOST likely a:

A) psychoanalyst.
B) positive psychologist.
C) community mental health worker.
D) rehabilitation specialist.

Answer 134

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Question 135

A therapist who has created a new psychotherapy approach initiates this treatment with a client.The therapist conducts a case study and publishes the results.Which factor is MOST likely to be present in this study?

A) observer bias
B) placebo effect
C) lack of informed consent
D) generalization

Answer 135

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Question 136

Studies that are structured like experiments but that use groups that already exist instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups are called:

A) matched designs.
B) analogue experiments.
C) correlational experiments.
D) longitudinal studies.

Answer 136

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Question 137

Arvind is feeling overwhelmed at work and has been having anxiety episodes for a few weeks.Acting on the advice of a friend, Arvind takes a vacation and subsequently feels less distress.Is this an example of therapy?

A) Yes, a person in distress took action and felt relief.
B) Yes, a person sought relief, obtained advice, and acted upon that advice.
C) No, there is no trained healer in this scenario.
D) No,the sufferer felt some relief,but there is no mention of the episodes resolving the problem permanently.

Answer 137

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Question 138

In an experimental study evaluating the effectiveness of an antidepressant medication, one group of participants receives a sugar pill instead of the true medication.This is an example of a:

A) medication-withdrawal study.
B) symptom-exacerbation study.
C) multiple-baseline study.
D) placebo study.

Answer 138

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