1a.Systems

Question 1

Key elements of open systems

Answer 1

• Inputs: Ke (from wind), thermal energy (sun), Pe (slopes), deposition, weathering, mass movement
• Outputs: wind erosion, evaporation, sublimation, melt water
• Throughputs —> stores inc: debris accumulations and movement

Question 2

System feedback

Answer 2

• Equilibrium: inputs and outputs are equal
• Dynamic equilibrium: undergoing self regulation until equilibrium is restored
• Negative feedback: glacier producing a response

Question 3

Mass balance

Answer 3

• Mass balance: difference between ablation & accumulation
• Accumulation zone: accumulation exceeds ablation (near the source)
• Ablation zone: ablation exceeds accumulation (towards the snout)
• Equilibrium line: divides accumulation &ablation (balance between the two)

Question 4

Mass balance

Answer 4

• Net gain = advancing glacier, equilibrium line moves down
• Net loss = glacier retreats, equilibrium line moves up
• Steady state = glacier will remain in same position

-Glacial surge = Glacier taking years to react to changes, the glacier then reacting quickly

Question 5

Mass balance - seasonal variations

Answer 5

• Possible for glacier to advance even when there is net loss
• Possible for glacier to retreat even when there is net gain due to gravity
• Not consistent