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NAH History: Germany 1918-1939 > Attempts to Create a Volksgemeinschaft, 1933-1939. > Flashcards

Attempts to Create a Volksgemeinschaft, 1933-1939. Flashcards

1
Q

Racial doctrine and goal of Volksgemeinschaft

A
  • ‘People’s community’ based on Nazi world view ‘Weltanschauung.’
  • Insiders to populate lebensraum, outsiders to be segregated/ deported. Escalated as time went on.
  • Outsiders were in 3 categories: Ideological, biological, social.
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2
Q

Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service

A

April 1933

-Affected Lecturers (1,200 dismissed [10%] 33% racial, 56% political)

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3
Q

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring

A

July 1933

  • 9 categories
  • Schizophrenia, Manic Depression & Blindness, Huntingtons
  • resulted in forced sterilisation (350,000 affected, 100 dead)
  • Alcoholics included

October 1939
-Progresses to ‘Euthanasia.’

-by 1944 200,000 murdered.

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4
Q

Nuremberg Race Laws

A

September 15th 1935
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
-forbids marriage/sex between Aryan and non-Aryan Germans

Reich Citizenship Law
-Deprives Jewish people of their German Citizenship

Law for the Protection of the Genetic Health of the German People

  • Certificates of ‘fitness’ to marry.
  • Centres made for the ‘Propagation of Racial Knowledge’.
  • Cranial measurements and ancestry checks to determine if you were Aryan or not.
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5
Q

1938- Antisemitism

A
  • After the Anschluss in March, 150 000 more Jewish people are in Germany and Eichmann forces 45,000 to emigrate.
  • April: Decree on the Registering of Jewish Property
  • June-Oct: Series of Antisemitic decrees
  • Jewish Doctors, Lawyers, & dentists forbidden form having Aryan clients.
  • Jewish women must add ‘sarah’ to their name, and men ‘israel’. Identity cards stamped with a ‘J.’
  • Excluded from schools, unis, cinemas, and spas.
  • Kristallnacht
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6
Q

Kristallnacht- Dates & Details

A
  • November 9th to 10th 1938.
  • series of antisemitic riots that were ‘Unofficially encouraged.’
  • 91 murdered
  • 20,000 sent to camps
  • Jewish community forced to pay 1 Billion RM in damages.
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7
Q

The Final Solution- Key dates

A

1940: -plans to transport 70,000 Jewish people to Madagascar.
1941: -War against USSR results in the ordering of ‘political killings.’
- 1/2 million Jewish people shot as a result.
- July or October: decision taken for the Final Solution
- Dec: Mass gassing begins at Chelmno
1942: -January Wansee conference plans the systematic killings of the Jewish community.

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8
Q

Figures detailing deaths at the hands of the Nazi party

A
  • 200 000 murdered in the ‘euthanasia’ program
  • 6 million Jewish people
  • 3 million Polish
  • 3 million Soviet POWs
  • 1/2 million Roma
  • Thousands of Homosexuals
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9
Q

HJ membership figures

A

1932: 108,000
1934: 3,500,000
1936: 6 million + (compulsory)

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10
Q

HJ Key dates

A

1926: created
1933: all other clubs and societies banned (apart from catholic ones)
1935: rally of 100,000 HJ members (900 15-18 yr olds became pregnant)
1936: Ban on all other organisations and HJ made compulsory.

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11
Q

Education: Key Dates

A

1933: Formation of NAPOLAs (21 by ‘38 & 39 by ‘43)
1936:
-NAPOLAs taken over by SS
-30% of teachers joined Nazi party
-Changes to curriculum
1937:
-pressure to join NAZI Teachers’ League
-97% were members
-Creation of Adolf Hitler Schools by R.Ley
1938:
-Teachers had to attend a month long Nazi training course
-2/3 attended by ‘38.

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12
Q

Higher Education: Lecturers

A
  • Law for the restoration of the civil service did affect them
  • 1,200 dismissed (10%), 33% racial & 56% political
  • Had to give oath of support and attend 6 week training course.
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13
Q

Higher Education: Pupils

A

1933: 113,000
1939: 57,000
- had to join German Students’ League (CA- 25% didn’t)
- White Rose is an example of student resistance

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14
Q

Women in Politics

A
  • 12 women Reichstag members in Weimar, none in Third Reich
  • Women could be party members
  • Protestant women, age 18-30, ‘most likely’ to vote Nazi..
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15
Q

NS Frauenschaft 1931

A
  • 2.3 Million members
  • coordinated all Nazi women’s groups
  • ‘to promote the education and integration of all female forces for the good of the nation.’
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16
Q

DFW (Deutsches Frauenwork) 1933

A
  • 6 million members

- Training for motherhood, efficient housework, thrifty recipes.

17
Q

Women and Employment

A
  • only 10% of judges and uni students were allowed to be women
  • 1938: women under 25 made to do a duty year as either a farmhand or a domestic servant. 1940 saw 200,000 women taking a duty year.
  • In the run up to the war women were again encouraged to work. Speer suggested all women employed in ‘43 but Hitler resisted as it would ‘affect morale.’
18
Q

Marriage Loan

A
  • 1000 RM loaned to newlyweds
  • for every child born, 250 RM could be kept.
  • 800,000 people took up this loan
  • Originally only allowed if the woman didn’t work. CA- this changed after 1936 due to labour shortages.
19
Q

Honour Cross of German Motherhood

A
  • 4= Bronze 6=Silver 8=Gold
  • 10th child had to be called Adolf and Hitler would be the godfather.
  • Women could skip shop queues and get saluted by HJ.
20
Q

Lebensborn (Well of Life)

A
  • Founded in 1936 by Himmler
  • originally created for SS men to have children with unmarried women.
  • Actually used as more of a holiday home for Nazi couples.
  • Only 8000 babies were born.
  • (CA) Married SS men had, on average, 1.1 child each in 1939.
21
Q

Abortion Laws

A
  • No abortions for people pregnant with ‘a healthy Aryan Child.’
  • CA, the Law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring forced the sterilisation of many individuals.
22
Q

Policies on women’s personal freedoms

A
  • discouraged form wearing makeup or smoking
  • Some Breslau party meetings banned entry to women wearing makeup
  • Cafes had signs asking women to not smoke
  • CA, Magda Goebbels smoked in public. Eva Braun also smoked though not in the presence of Hitler.
23
Q

Big Business and Nazism - Relationship.

A
  • Nazis opposed Communism, so did big business.
  • The banning of trade unions was appreciated by Big business.
  • Nazis would threaten business with the use of trade unions or legal charges if they were to oppose autarky.
  • Coal companies specifically wanted foreign trade.
24
Q

Daimler-Benz benefits

A
  • new aeroplane factories funded by the state

- 1932-1941: production rose by 300%

25
Q

RWHG benefits

A
  • set up by the state to process low quality domestic steel ore.
  • Private steel industry pressurised to invest 30 million each to the 400 million process. effectively financing a rival.
  • If businesses resisted then they would be threatened with legal charges and soon back down.
  • Largest industrial firm in Europe in 1939 but still failed to meet the production targets of 4 yr plan.
26
Q

Small businesses and Nazism

A
  • 1933: Law to Protect Retail Trade. (special taxes for larger stores, no new department stores.)
  • No. of independent artisans fell from 1,645,000 to 1,500,000 from ‘36 to ‘39. (due to increased costs and fixed prices from big business.)
27
Q

Agriculture and Nazism

A
  1. 1933: Entailed Farm Law
    - Farms couldn’t be sold or mortgaged, tied to one person.
    - Jewish people could not own farms
    - +early tax concessions and low interest.
    - -Difficult to get loans as couldn’t use the farm as collateral.
  2. Labour shortage as rural pop. fell from 21% in ‘33 to 18% in ‘39.
  3. 4 yr plan
    - subsidies on mechanisation (CA- focus on military)
    - Reduced fertiliser prices.
    - grants for new cultivated land.
28
Q

Workers and Nazism- numbers & wages

A

1932: 6 million unemployed
1939: 35,000 unemployed
- wages frozen at ‘33 levels, employers got around this using bonuses etc.
- wages higher in the armaments industry, especially in comparison to agri.
- 1936: average wage was 35M which was 10x more than the unemployment benefits.
- estimated 18% reduction in wages due to ‘donations’ to Nazi campaigns in addition to taxes. (only 3% in Weimar.)
- Proportion of national income going towards workers declines. CA- This was hardly noticed.

29
Q

DAF (Deutsche Arbeitsfront)

A
  • Founded 6th May 1933 by R. Ley
  • 1933: 5 million members 1939: 22 million members
  • No involvement in wage bargaining
  • CA: its use was threatened to keep big business in line.
30
Q

KdF (Kraft durch Freude) ‘strength through joy.’

A
  • improved workers’ leisure opportunities
  • 1938: 10 million took KdF holidays, mainly within Germany. CA: at most, only 11% of annual overnight stays in Germany were financed by KdF.
31
Q

Schonheit der Arbeit (Beauty of Work)

A

-improved working facilities
-DAF issued estimates:
No. of factory inspections = 67,000
No. of workroom improvements = 26,000
Provisions of canteens and restrooms = 18,000
Cost = 900 RM

32
Q

Volkswagen Scheme

A
  • subscription of 5 marks a week in order to eventually own a VW beetle.
  • reduced inflation by increasing savings and decreasing domestic expenditure.
  • no worker ever received a car as funds turned towards military production.
33
Q

Nazism and Protestantism

A
  • some Nazis favoured ‘positive Christianity’ which incorporated christian values w/ Nazi values.
  • Hitler planned to introduce a German Faith Movement after ww2 to further the Volksgemeinschaft.
  • July ‘33: Reich church set up to coordinate protestant churches. The Confessional Church broke away in protest.
  • Nov. ‘33: Nazis supported ‘German Christians’ who aimed to remove all ‘un-german’ references from the bible.
  • Protestant churches targeted by a Church Secession Campaign in the mid 30s. Success in that 100,000 gov. officials did leave church.
34
Q

Nazism and Catholicism

A

July 1933: Concordat with the Vatican

  • Pope Pius XI gave catholic party’s support in return for the Nazis not actively opposing the church.
  • This would theoretically still allow the church to control education, youth, etc.
  • CA: The Nazis breached the Concordat several times
    1. Parents pressured to not send kids to faith schools
    2. Priests often put on trial despite lack of reasoning.
    3. An estimated 1/2 of priests harassed.
    4. Nazis campaigned for the removal of crucifixes from schools. CA- restored after resistance.

NAH History: Germany 1918-1939 (8 decks)

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