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CNS Physio > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of somatic sensations?

A

1) Mechanoreceptive: detect mechanical displacement
2) Thermoreceptive: detect hear and cold (changes in stimulus)
3) Nociceptive: detect pain and tiddue damage

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2
Q

What are the two types of mechanoreceptors?

A

1) Tactile: touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, itch

2) Proprioception (position): static position and dynamic position (rate of change)

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3
Q

What are the types of tactile receptors?

A

1) Free nerve endings (Aδ and C)
2) Meissner‘s corpuscles (Aβ)
3) Merkel’s discs (Aβ)
4) Hair end organ
5) Ruffini’s end organ
6) Pacinian corpuscles
7) Golgi tendon apparatus and muscle spindles
8) Iggo dome receptors

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4
Q

What do free nerve endings detect? Where are they found?

A

Touch and pressure; everywhere in the skin and tissues.

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5
Q

What do Meissner‘s corpuscles detect? Where are they found?

A

Movement of light objects over skin and low frequency vibrations; hairless skin (glabrous skin), fingertips, and lips down in the epidermis.

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6
Q

Which tactile receptors are encapsulated (rapidly adapting) receptors?

A

1) Meissner‘s corpuscles
2) Pacinisn corpuscles
3) Merkel’s discs
4) Ruffini’s corpuscles

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7
Q

What do Merkel’s discs detect? Where are they found?

A

“Steady state” and touch; found on hairy and hairless (glabrous) skin.

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8
Q

Which tactile receptors respond rapidly at first and then slowly adapt?

A

Merkel’s discs

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9
Q

What do hair end organs detect? Where are they found?

A

Acts rapidly to detect movement of hair; found around hair shafts.

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10
Q

What do Ruffini’s end organs detect? Where are they found?

A

Changes in pressure and joints formation; found deep in the dermis

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11
Q

Which tactile receptor is slowly adapting and responds to continual deformation of the skin and joint rotation?

A

Ruffini’s end organ

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12
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect? Where are they found?

A

High frequency vibration, pressure, and other rapid changes in the skin; found down in the dermis.

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13
Q

Which tactile receptor is rapidly adapting, stimulated only by rapid movement, and looks like onion rings?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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14
Q

Where are golgi tendon apparatus and muscle spindles found?

A

Skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Which receptors transmit signals in type Aβ nerve fibers at 30-70 m/s?

A

1) Meissner’s corpuscles
2) Hair receptors
3) Pacinian corpuscles
4) Ruffini’s end organs

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16
Q

Which receptors transmit signals in type Aδ nerve fibers at 5-30m/s and some C at 0.5-2m/s?

A

Free nerve endings

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17
Q

Why is fine touch transmitted very fast through Aβ or Aα fibers?

A

Because the faster the rate of transmission, the more critical the information.

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18
Q

Almost all sensory information enters the spinal cord through which roots?

A

The dorsal roots

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19
Q

What are the two pathways for the transmission of sensory information?

A

1) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system

2) Anterolateral (spinothalamic) system

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20
Q

The dorsal column medial lemniscal system’s tract ascends in the:

A

Dorsal column of the spinal cord and forms medial lemniscus

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21
Q

The dorsal column medial lemniscal system contains ____(small/medium/large) ____(myelinated/unmyelinated) fibers for ____(slow/fast) transmission with which kind of fibers?

A

Large; myelinated; fast (30-110m/s); Aβ

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22
Q

What is the difference between spatial and temporal?

A

Spatial: position/space
Temporal: time

23
Q

What does spatial fidelity mean?

A

The fibers come from each part of the body and are arranged in a highly organized way.

24
Q

What does temporal fidelity mean?

A

Faithfulness

25
Q

The dorsal column medial lemniscal system has a high degree of what?

A

Spatial orientation that is maintained throughout the tract.

26
Q

The dorsal column medial lemniscal system transmits information rapidly with a high degree of:

A

Spatial and temporal fidelity

27
Q

What are the modalities of the dorsal column medial lemniscal system?

A

1) Fine touch & fine pressure: because rapidly transmitting neurons.
2) Vibration and weight discrimination
3) Two point discrimination: the ability to distinguish if the stimulus is at 2 different points or not.
4) Stereognosis: determine shape without sight (braille)
5) Conscious proprioception: sensation of position

28
Q

What is the pathway of the dorsal tract? (Up to the second order neuron)

A

1) The afferent neurons (first order neurons) enter the spinal cord through the posterior horn (their cell bodies are found in the dorsal root ganglia)
2) The first order neurons send their afferent fibers through two dorsal columns (Fasciculus gracilis, Fasciculus cuneatus)
3) They ascend until they reach their respective nuclei in the medulla (cuneatus nucleus and gracilis nucleus) where each tract synapses in its nucleus with the second order neuron.

29
Q

The dorsal tract consists of two parts:

A

1) Fasciculus gracilis (medially): Transmits information from the lower part of the body
2) Fasciculus cuneatus (laterally): Transmits information from the upper part of the body

30
Q

Which two tracts are found on both sides of the spinal cord and then cross over?

A

1) Fasciculus gracilis

2) Fasciculus cuneatus

31
Q

The information that comes from the right side of the body goes to the ___(right/left) side of the cortex.

A

Left

32
Q

What is the pathway of the dorsal tract? (After the second order neuron and until the third order neuron)

A

1) The second order neuron decussates (crosses over the midline) in the medulla oblongata and ascends as medial lemniscus to the thalamus.
2) In the thalamus, it goes to the ventrobasal complex to synapse in VPL (ventral posterolateral nucleus) with the third order neuron.

33
Q

What is the pathway of the dorsal tract? (After the third order neuron)

A

The third order neuron ascends to the primary somatosensory cortex.

34
Q

The ventrobasal complex consists of two parts:

A

1) Ventral posterolateral (VPL)

2) Ventral posteromedial (VPM)

35
Q

What are the three sulci of the brain?

A

1) Central sulcus
2) Lateral fissure
3) Parieto-occipital notch

36
Q

Which lobe is anterior to the central sulcus?

A

Frontal lobe

37
Q

Which lobe is posterior to the central sulcus?

A

Parietal lobe

38
Q

Which lobe is inferior to the lateral fissure?

A

Temporal lobe

39
Q

Which lobes does the parieto-occipital notch separate?

A

The parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

40
Q

In the parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus, what do we have?

A

Postcentral gyrus

41
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

The primary somatosensory area which has a very high level of organization

42
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

The area between two sulci

43
Q

The right side of the cortex represents the ____ (right/left) side of the body. This means it is:

A

Left; contralateral

44
Q

The area of cerebral cortex that represents any part of the body is proportional to:

A

The number of receptors in that area.

45
Q

Which area of the cortex is bigger: the hand or the leg area? Why?

A

The hand, because the number of receptors in the hand is greater than the number of receptors in the leg.

46
Q

What does the size of the cortical region representing a body part depend on?

A

1) Density of the receptors in that part

2) Sensory impulses received from that part

47
Q

Which area of the cortex is bigger: the face or the trunk area? Why?

A

The face, because the number of receptors in the face is greater than the number of receptors in the trunk.

48
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root.

49
Q

The nerves of the nervous system develop from:

A

The ectoderm

50
Q

The soft tissue develops from:

A

The mesoderm

51
Q

The epithelium develops from:

A

The endoderm

52
Q

Which spinal segments supply the medial aspect of the hand and the heart?

A

C8, T1, T2

53
Q

Afferent sensory fibers from the appendix are carried on the sympathetic nerve fibers to enter the spinal cord at ___ which corresponds to ___.

A

T10; Umbilical dermatome.

CNS Physio (8 decks)

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