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CNS Physio > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is faster: The nervous system or The endocrine system? Why?

A

The nervous system, because it uses action potentials which travel through myelinated axons that might reach 120 m/s and unmyelinated axons from 2-5 m/s.

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2
Q

Which has a higher gain: The nervous system or The endocrine system? Why?

A

The endocrine system, because the hormones try to bring back blood pressure to almost 100 with zero error; the game will be infinite. (Nervous system might bring it back to 105 = -3 gain)

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3
Q

What does the nervous system affect?

A

Skeletal muscles and glands

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system affect?

A

Growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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5
Q

If the signal does not reach the cerebral cortex, what happens?

A

The signal will not consciously be perceived.

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

A

1) Brain

2) Spinal cord

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7
Q

What goes to the CNS from the PNS?

A

Afferent (Ascending) division:

1) Sensory stimuli
2) Visceral stimuli

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8
Q

What goes out of the CNS to the PNS?

A

Efferent (descending) division:

1) Somatic nervous system (motor/voluntary)
2) Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

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9
Q

What senses changes in the environment?

A

Receptors

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10
Q

Receptors are also called ___, because:

A

Transducers; They convert any type of energy (action potential).

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11
Q

Receptors attach with what kinds of neurons?

A

Afferent neurons.

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12
Q

What are tracts?

A

Collection of axons in the CNS.

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13
Q

What are nerves?

A

Collection of axons in the PNS.

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14
Q

Where are the cell bodies of afferent neurons found?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia.

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15
Q

If the signal doesnt ascend, then what connects afferent neurons with efferent neurons?

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

What are the sensory divisions of the nervous system?

A

1) Tactile
2) Visual
3) Auditory
4) Olfactory

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17
Q

What are the integrative divisions of the nervous system?

A

1) Information processing

2) Memory creation

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18
Q

What are the motor divisions of the nervous system?

A

Respond to and move about in our environment.

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19
Q

What does corticospinal mean?

A

From the cerbral cortex to the spinal cord.

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20
Q

Where did the signals go to synapse with the motor neurons?

A

The anterior horn of the spinal cord (alpha motor neuron)

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21
Q

What is an alpha neuron?

A

Big and myelinated neuron.

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22
Q

What is the muscle tone?

A

Minimal contraction found in the muscle

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23
Q

What are the 2 paths that signals can take?

A

1) Sensory -> Interneuron -> Motor

2) Sensory -> ascends CNS (brain) -> motor

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24
Q

Interneurons are responsible for:

A

1) Integrating afferent information and formulating an efferent response
2) Higher mental functions associated with the mind and memory

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25
Q

Most of the neurons found in the CNS are:

A

Interneurons

26
Q

What are the characteristics of interneurons?

A

1) Small
2) Highly excitable
3) Outnumber other neurons (interneurons > afferent (sensory) > efferent (motor)

27
Q

What are the types of sensory receptors?

A

1) Pain and temperature (free nerve endings)
2) Pressure (Pacinian corpuscles)
3) Touch (Meissener’s corpuscle)
4) Muscle (Muscle spindles)
5) Joints (Kinesthetic receptors; proprioceptors)

28
Q

Where does the sensory division start?

A

From the sensory receptors

29
Q

Where does the motor division start?

A

Cerebral cortex

30
Q

Which part of the muscle does the motor division go to?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers

31
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

On the postcentral gyrus.

32
Q

Sensory signals usually stop at the ____, so it is the relay station for almost all sensations except ____.

A

Thalamus; olfaction.

33
Q

What are the three levels of CNS function/organization?

A

1) Spinal cord level
2) Lower brain level
3) Higher brain (Cortical) level

34
Q

Which level is present in primitive or lower animals?

A

Only the spinal cord level

35
Q

What does the spinal cord level contain?

A

1) Walking circuits
2) Withdrawal circuits
3) Circuits for reflex control of organ function

36
Q

What do we test when we test the reflexes?

A

The integrity of the spinal cord

37
Q

What does the lower brain level contain?

A

1) Medulla oblongata
2) Pons
3) Midbrain

38
Q

What does the lower brain level control?

A

Subconscious body activities:

1) Arterial pressure
2) Respiration
3) Equilibrium
4) Feeding reflexes
5) Emotional patterns

39
Q

What is the Higher brain (Cortical) level?

A

1) A large memory storehouse

2) Essential for thought processes

40
Q

Does the cortex function alone?

A

No, it always functions in association with lower brain centers.

41
Q

What is the neuron?

A

The structural and functional unit of our nervous system

42
Q

What are the three major components of a neuron?

A

1) Soma: Body
2) Axon: Extends from Soma to terminal part of effector
3) Dendrite: high resistance projections from the soma to the sensory portion of the neuron

43
Q

What is the first part of a neuron called?

A

Axon hillock

44
Q

What is found at the end of the axon?

A

Axonal terminals or axonal buttons

45
Q

What do axonal buttons contain?

A

Neurotransmitters

46
Q

Neurons have all the cell organelles except ____.

A

Centrioles

47
Q

Why do neurons lack centrioles?

A

Because they dont divide/regenerate.

48
Q

Why is the CNS enclosed by bony structures (skull and vertebral column)?

A

For protection.

49
Q

What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Shock absorber

50
Q

Why are dendrites unable to produce action potentials?

A

Because they have a very low density of sodium voltage gated channels.

51
Q

Where is the action potential best produced?

A

Axon hillock (first unmyelinated part of axon)

52
Q

Which has the highest density of sodium voltage gated channels?

A

Axon hillock

53
Q

The CNS is also protected by meninges. What are the three layers from outside to inside?

A

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater

54
Q

Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

56
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Unmyelinated areas interrupting myelin.

57
Q

What is the anterior motor neuron?

A

A kind of neuron that contains many synapses:

1) Axosomtic with soma
2) Axodendritic with dendrites
3) Axoaxonal with axons

58
Q

What kind of conduction is one-way conduction/synapse?

A

Chemical conduction/synapse

59
Q

What kind of conduction is two-way conduction/synapse?

A

Electrical conduction/synapse

60
Q

Why is chemical synapse one-way?

A

Because there are no receptors on the pre-synaptic neuron (only post-synaptic).

61
Q

Which type of conduction is more common in the CNS?

A

Chemical synapse (one-way conduction)

CNS Physio (8 decks)

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