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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 2: Endocrine Pt.1 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Endocrine Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system works with the nervous system to…

A

regulate homeostasis

handle stressors

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2
Q

both the nervous system and endocrine system

A

release chemical signals and hormones to affect target cells

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3
Q

difference between signals released in nervous system and endocrine system

A

nervous system: releases signal in close proximity to its target simply crossing a synapse

endocrine system: signals released into bloodstream and can affect multiple targets, some distant to the gland

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4
Q

responses in nervous system vs endocrine system

A

nervous system: quick and reversible

endocrine system: slower, not reversible at times

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5
Q

how are hormones classified

A 
chemical structure (AA derivatives, peptides, lipids)
 mechanisms (2nd messengers, direct)
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6
Q

derivatives of tyrosine and tryptophan

A

AA derivatives

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7
Q

ranges from small peptide to large glycoproteins

most are produced as inactive prohormones

A

peptide derivative

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8
Q

consists of both steroids and eicosanoids

A

lipid derivatives

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9
Q

hormones bind membrane bound receptors

ex: peptide, tryptophan derivatives, eicosanoids

A

second messengers

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10
Q

hormones bind intracellular receptors, receptor/hormone complex acts as transcription factor
ex: tyrosine derivatives and steroids

A

direct mechanism

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11
Q

what is the hypophysis (pituitary gland) controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

where is the hypophysis located

A

under the hypothalamus

sits in the sella turcica of the ethmoid bone

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13
Q

infundibular stalk

A

connects hypothalamus to the pituitary

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14
Q

2 types of development of the hypophysis

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

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15
Q

part of pituitary made of glandular epithelium that receives releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to direct secretion

A

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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16
Q

parts of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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17
Q

pars diatalis

A

largest part

produces all anterior hormones in adults

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18
Q

pars tuberalis

A

surrounds infundibulum

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19
Q

pars intermedia

A

area immediately anterior to the neurohypophysis

normally not active in adults

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20
Q

composed of neuron extensions from cell bodes in the hypothalamus
stores and releass hormones produced in hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis

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21
Q

2 capillary beds connected by veins

A

portal system

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22
Q

where is the hypophyseal portal system found

A

adenohypophysis

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23
Q

RH and IH are released by ____ into a capillary network supplied by the _____

A

hypothalamus

superior hypophyseal artery

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24
Q

what delivers the signals to the capillary bed in the adenohypophysis

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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25
Q

hormone leave the hypophysis through the

A

hypophyseal veins

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26
Q

what is the neurohypophysis supplied by

A

inferior hypophyseal artery

- it does NOT use a portal system

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27
Q

hormones from the adenohypophysis are…

A

tropic hormones - release regulated by hypothalamus

28
Q

tropic hormones

A

necessary for the function, stimulation, and metabolic support of other endocrine glands or organs

29
Q

regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

negative feedback loop based on circulating thyroid hormone levels

30
Q

what do low thyroid hormone levels result in

A

TSH RH from the hypothalamus

31
Q

action of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

upregulates iodide pumps in thyroid membrane
stimulates hormone production
protects thyroid cells from apoptosis

32
Q

what are variations in TSH efficacy linked to?

A

modifications in carbohydrate moiety of glycoprotein

- dec in carb inc binding but dec efficacy

33
Q

regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

negative feedback loop based on circulating glucocorticoids (cortisol)
low hormone level results in CRH

34
Q

action of ACTH

A

upregulates cholesterol by increasing LDL receptors in the adrenal cortex
stimulates hormone production
stimulates initial hydrolysis of pregnenolone
aids in general cortical maintenance

35
Q

what is ACTH produced from and wat about the waste products?

A

produced through POMC
can get MSH as a product
high levels of breakdown products can target melanocytes in skin

36
Q

if abnormally high ACTH…

A

high MSH like products - get darkening of skin and mucous membranes

37
Q

regulation of growth hormone

A

varied, released in response to developmental signals
fluctuates with circadian rhythms
stimulated by ghrelin
inhibited by negative feedback of IGF-1
GHRH inc transcription and secretion
GHIH: inhibits release, no effect on production

38
Q

action of growth hormone on liver

A

diabetogenic effect
stimulates glucogenolysis
stimulates production and release of IGF-1 which targets muscle, bone, cartilage to increase AA uptake and growth

39
Q

action of growth hormone on adipose

A

stimulates lipolysis

glucose sparing effect - use fats for energy to save glucose for those that can only use glucose

40
Q

2 gonadotropins and function

A

FSH, LH

regulate reproductive activity

41
Q

regulation of gonadotropin (FSH)

A

negative feedback loop
low levels of circulating sex hormones stimulates GnRH from hypothalamus
GnRH is inhibited by inhibin

42
Q

action of gonadotropin FSH

A

depends on sex
females: promotes follicle development and production of estradiols

male: stimulates sertoli cells and promotes sperm maturation

43
Q

what is production of FSH like in females vs males

A

females it is cyclical while in males it is relatively constant

44
Q

regulation of gonadotropin LH females

A

combined negative feedback of progesterone levels and high levels of estrogen

45
Q

regulation of gonadotropin LH in males

A

negative feedback loop of testosterone levels

46
Q

action of gonadotropin LH females

A

triggers ovulation

increases estrogen and progesterone secretion

47
Q

action of gonadotropin LH males

A

promotes testosterone production in interstitial cells of Leydig

48
Q

what do the interstitial cells of Leydig secrete

A

testosterone

49
Q

regulation of prolactin

A

varied, involves developmental signals

unlike other pituitary hormones PRL is secreted unless inhibited - secretion is blocked by dopamine

50
Q

what can stimulate PRL release

A

high estrogen levels and the reflex arc involved in nursing

51
Q

action of prolactin both sexes

A

stimulate thymus activity and immune response

52
Q

action of prolactin females vs males

A

females: stimulates mammary development and lactation
males: increases LH sensitivity in Leydig cells

53
Q

what cells in the body can produce PRL (prolactin)

A

pituitary and many others!!

54
Q

regulation of MSH - Pars intermedia

A

developmental signals in fetus and newborns

55
Q

action of MSH

A

stimulates pigment production in skin

56
Q

is MSH active in adults?

A

NO

MSH produced in response to UV radiation

57
Q

what is MSH produced by

A

placenta
can cause characteristic pigment changes in pregnant woman
- linea nigra on abdomen
-increased pigment in areola
- melasma (darker blotchy patches on face)

58
Q

the neurohypophysis contains extensions of?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

59
Q

what do the supraoptic nuclei secrete?

A

antidiuretic hormone

60
Q

what do the paraventricular nuclei secrete?

A

oxytocin

- responds to stretch receptors

61
Q

regulation of antidiuretic hormone

A

reflex arc stimulated by osmoreceptors for solute concentration and baroreceptors for blood volume

62
Q

action of antidiuretic hormone

A

V1: vasoconstriction
V2: inc aquaporins/water permeability in kidney collecting tubules

63
Q

the releas of what hormone is inhibited by alcohol

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

64
Q

regulation of oxytocin

A

reflex arc stimulated by stretch receptors in smooth muscle

65
Q

action of oxytocin in both sexes

A

targets receptors in brain that promote pair bonding/maternal behavior

66
Q

action of oxytocin in females

A

stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus during labor
in mammary ducts during nursing
in uterus and vagina in sexual intercourse

67
Q

action of oxytocin in males

A

stimulates smooth muscle contractions in ductus deferens and prostate during ejaculation

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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