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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 2: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiration

A

transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide across tissues

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2
Q

breathing

A

alternation of inspiration and expiration of air into and out of the lungs
- measured in the number of breaths per minute

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3
Q

external respiration

A

between air and blood in the lungs

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

between blood and tissue cells

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5
Q

gas exchange

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

diffusion down a pressure/concentration gradient

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6
Q

ventilation

A

RATE at which air flows into or out of the lungs

- flow of gas measured in liters/min

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7
Q

extrathorasic (conduction zone)

A

outside of the thoracic cavity (getting air down so gas exchange can occur)

  • anatomic DEAD SPACE (just a pathway, nothing occurring)
  • nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
  • deliver air
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8
Q

intrathoracic (respiratory zone)

A
  • gas exchange between air and blood

- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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9
Q

the pharynx

A

the throat

  • connects nose and mouth to the esophagus
  • passages of air
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10
Q

nasopharynx (part of pharynx)

A
  • contains pharyngeal tonsil

- passes only air lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium!

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11
Q

oropharynx (part of pharynx)

A
  • space between soft palate and epiglottis
  • contains palatine tonsils
  • passes air, food, and drink lined with stratified squamous epithelium (thicker to handle more friction from the food)
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12
Q

laryngopharynx (part of pharynx)

A
  • epiglottis to larynx cartilage
  • esophagus begins ar this point
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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13
Q

what are each layer of the pharynx covered with?

A
  1. nasopharynx = pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  2. oropharynx = stratified squamous epithelium
  3. laryngopharynx = stratified squamous epithelium
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14
Q

the larynx (voice box)

A

keep food out of the airway

- comprised of 9 cartilages and 3 ligaments

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15
Q

epiglottis ( part of the larynx)

A

superior opening of the larynx, aids in directing food to the esophagus when swallowing

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16
Q

vestibular folds ( part of the larynx)

A

closes the larynx when swallowing

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17
Q

glottis ( part of the larynx)

A 
produce sound when air passes between them 
- vibrates with air molecules
- vocal cords and area between them 
more tight = higher pitch
longer, looser = lower pitch
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18
Q

the trachea (windpipe)

A

mucus-secreting cells, ciliated cells, and stem cells
- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
cilia moves material up and out of the airway (dust)

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19
Q

mucociliary escalator

A
  • removes debris

- mucus traps inhaled particles and upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed

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20
Q

surfaces of the lung

A

costal - pressed against the rib cage

mediastinal - faces medially toward the heart

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21
Q

hilum of the lungs

A

main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves join

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22
Q

right lung

A
  • shorter than left lung because liver rises higher on right side
  • has THREE lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)
  • lobes separated by the horizontal and oblique fissure
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23
Q

left lung

A
  • tall and narrow because the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space
  • has indentation/ cardiac impression
  • has TWO lobes (superior and inferior) separated by a single oblique fissure
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24
Q

Bronchi

A
  • lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • mucous gland and lymphocyte nodules (MALT)
  • intercepts inhaled pathogens
  • bronchial tree has elastic connective tissue (contributes to recoil that expels air from lungs)
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25
Q

bronchioles

A
  • ciliated cuboidal epithelium
  • developed smooth muscle layer
  • final branches of conducting zone (before gas exchange)
  • no mucus glands or goblet cells
  • have cilia that move mucus
  • each terminal bronchiole gives off to TWO OR MORE smaller respiratory bronchioles
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26
Q

alveolus vs alveolar sac

A

alveolus is one singular grape

alveolar sac is a bundle of grapes

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27
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A
  • alveoli budding from their walls
  • beginning of the respiratory zone
  • divides into ducts and end in alveolar sacs
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28
Q

steps in respiratory zone

A
  1. respiratory terminal bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
  4. alveoli
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29
Q

alveoli

A

sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gas exchange

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30
Q

respiratory membrane

A
  1. epithelial cells of the alveoli (single epithelial cell)
  2. capillary endothelium ( single capillary cell)
  3. shared basement membrane (in between the 2 cells where has exchange occurs)
    - rapid diffusion, membrane is extremely thin
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31
Q

macrophages

A

aid in innate defense

- phagocytize, pathogen, transported out via mucociliary escalator (cilia)

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32
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

create very thin diffusion barrier for gases

  • simple squamous epithelial cells (95% alveolar area)
  • connected by tight junctions
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33
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant between alveolar walls

  • cuboidal (5% alveolar area, 60% total number of cells)
  • stops alveoli from collapsing during breathing
  • connected to epithelium and other constituent cells by tight junctions
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34
Q

surfactant

A

decreases surface tension

- specifically between alveolar walls and stop alveoli from collapsing when breathing

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35
Q

bronchial circulation

A

provides a blood supply to the lung tissue

- high pressure

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36
Q

two types of lung circulation

A

bronchial and pulmonary

37
Q

autonomic regulation of the lungs

A

innervated by autonomic nervous system

  • sympathetic bronchodilation
  • parasympathetic bronchoconstriction
38
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

amount of air moving in and out of the lungs DOWN pressure gradients

  • pressure and volume are inversely proportional
  • pressure changes in lungs by increasing or decreasing lung volume
39
Q

pulmonary pleura

A

serous membranes that separate the lungs and the wall of the thoracic cavity

  1. visceral pleura - organs
  2. pleural cavity (in-between the 2 membranes)
  3. parietal pleura - body cavity walls
40
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in the alveoli equalizes to atmospheric pressure

  • (0 mmHg)
  • pressure inside lung decreases as lung volume increases during inspiration
  • pressure increases during expiration
41
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity is LOWER (negative)

  • (-4 mmHg)
  • pressure becomes more negative as chest wall expands during inspiration
  • returns to initial value as chest wall recoils
42
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lungs

- negative intrapleural pressure is equalized with pulmonary pressure

43
Q

pulmonary pressure

A
  • volume of chest increases during inhilation

- increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure (change in pressure draws air into lungs)

44
Q

inhalation effect

A

increases volume of thoracic cavity

45
Q

diaphragm

A
  • contraction = flattens, increasing chest volume and lowering pressure (inhalation)
  • relaxation = domes up, increases pressure and decreases volume (exhalation)
46
Q

innervation by phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

A

injury where you can no longer breathe on your own

- any injury below C5 you can still breathe on your own

47
Q

inspiration

A

increasing air volume in lungs

- P decreases to less than atmospheric pressure, air moves IN to equalize

48
Q

expiration

A

decreasing air volume in lungs

- P increases to more than atmospheric pressure, air moves OUT to equalize

49
Q

external intercostals

A

elevate ribs
assist in inspiration
increase volume for air flow in

50
Q

internal intercostals

A

depress ribs
assist in exhalation (abdominal muscles assist too)
decrease volume to exhale

51
Q

active inspiratory

A

diaphragm and external intercostals actively contract

-normal quiet inhalation

52
Q

inactive inspiratory

A

diaphragm and external intercostals relax, followed by elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs
- normal quiet exhalation

53
Q

spirometry

A

measuring inputs and outputs

54
Q

functional residual capacity equation

A

RV + ERV

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

55
Q

inspiratory capacity equation

A

TV + IRV

tidal volume + inspiratory residual volume

56
Q

total lung capacity/volume equation

A

RV + ERV + TV + IRV

57
Q

anatomic dead space

A

last part of each volume of inspired air still remains in the conducting airways
- no gaseous exchange is possible in the conducting airways

58
Q

alveolar dead space

A

alveolar air ventilated but not perfused

59
Q

physiological dead space

A

sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space

60
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

alveolar ventilation rate assesses respiratory efficiency
- AVR changes when breath pattern changes (ex. slow, deep breathing and rapid, shallow breathing)
AVR = frequency x (TV - dead space)

61
Q

dead space volume

A

is a constant

= 150 ml roughly

62
Q

factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. alveolar surface tension - surfactant
  2. compliance - how easy can heart open and expand
  3. airway resistance or obstruction - what resists air from moving (diaphragm)
63
Q

alveolar surface tension

A
  • alveolar fluid contains lots of water, which has high surface tension which can try to collapse alveoli
  • surfactant reduces surface tension, less energy needed to expand lungs and prevent alveolar from collapsing
  • surfactant improves compliance
64
Q

lung compliance

A
  • ease with which lungs can expand
  • compliance is reduced by degenerative lung diseases in which the lungs stiffen from scar tissue
  • limits expansion and many times the lung can inflate
65
Q

airway resistance

A

ease with which air can move through the airway

  • airway diameter has greatest affect
  • as branching increases, resistance decreases
  • not a big factor in healthy lungs
66
Q

diameter of bronchiols

A

biggest effect on airways and ventillation

67
Q

obstructive disorders

A

DECREASE airflow by narrowing/blocking the airway
- makes it more difficult into inhale or exhale
ex = asthma

68
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter

  • histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air
  • suffocation can occir from anaphylactic shock and asthma
69
Q

bronchodilation

A
  • sympathetic
  • epinepherine (adrenal)
  • norepinephrine (nerves)
70
Q

list the factors that affect gas exchange (respiration/movement of gases across the membrane)

A
  1. solubility
  2. surface area - area available for gas exchange
  3. diffusion distance - how thin the membranes are
71
Q

example of a disease that can affect gas exchange in respiration

A

scaring or fibrosis

- hickening of the membrane occurs and this make it more difficult for gases to diffuse across it

72
Q

big issue with lung damage

A

injury and shunt can alter the amount of alveoli available for gas exchange

73
Q

solubility in gas exchange

A
  • air in alveolus is in contact film of water covering the alveolar epithelium
  • for O2 to get into blood, it must dissolve in water and pass through respiratory membrane which separates air from bloodstream
  • for CO2 to leave blood, it must pass the other way and diffuse out of the water film into alveolar air
74
Q

what do gases need to be in order to diffuse across a membrane
- diffusion occurs until pressure equilibrium in the membranes is reached

A

gases need to be soluble to diffuse and get into the water and bloodstream

75
Q

partial pressure in gas

A

greater the partial pressure of gas, the greater the number of gas molecules that will go into the solution
- CO2 is 24 times more soluble than O2

76
Q

hemoglobin

A

280 million Hb in one RBC -> 4 molecules of oxygen per 1 Hb

  • makes blood red
  • binds easily and reversibly with O2
77
Q

3 ways hemoglobin can exist

A
  1. oxyhemoglobin = fully saturated
  2. deoxyhemoglobin = no O2
  3. carbaminohemoglobin = bound to CO2 and globin
78
Q

what do oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to

A

oxygen binds to heme

carbon dioxide binds to globin

79
Q

in the lungs, when Po2 is high

A

Hb is almost fully saturated with O2

80
Q

in tissues and other organs, when Po2 is low

A

Hb is less saturated with O2

81
Q

myoglobin

A

higher affinity for oxygen compared to hemoglobin

- myoglobin steals away oxygen from hemoglobin

82
Q

ways lung volume changes with exercise

A
  1. respiration becomes more active
  2. more O2 needed by muscle
  3. more muscle needed in inspiration and expiration
  4. increases in tidal volume to accommodate demand
83
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen delivery to body and tissues

84
Q

hypoxia can be due to …

A
  1. few/faulty RBCs (anemica hypoxia)
  2. impaired circulation (ischemic hypoxia)
  3. body cells cant use provided O2 (histotoxic hypoxia)
  4. low arterial pressure (hypoxemix hypoxia)
85
Q

hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning

A

hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO2 than O2, so Hb will bind to carbon dioxide if it is given the chance

86
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A
  1. dissolved CO2
  2. carbamino compounds
  3. bicarbonate ions
87
Q

respiratory centers in the brain

A
  • monitor CO2 and pH

- control motor neurons in intercostal muscles and diaphragm

88
Q

chemoreceptors on aorta and carotid sinus

A

send information about chemical changes in blood to respiratory centers in the brain stem

89
Q

motor neurons

A

to intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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