Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paradoxes Soc > Midterm 1: Cases > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Cases Flashcards

1
Q

HOLOCAUST: 5 Layers of Anti-Semitism

A

Time frame- Form-Problem-Solution-Historical Transitions

4-18th Cent: Religious–religious beliefs–segregation/ conversion/ occasional violence–rise of Christianity/reformation

18-19th Cent: Liberal–religious traditions–assimilation, emancipation–enlightenment

18-19th Cent: Economic– parasitical nature–discrimination–Emancipation and Industrial Revolution

19th-20th Century: Racial–impurity–quarantine and elimination–Scientific racism and Colonialism

Late 19th 20th Century: Nationalistic–disloyal–nuetralization–WWI, Russian Revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HOLOCAUST: Why Mass Murder- Jews?

A

specific military and geo-political conditions turned it into an explosion of mass violence which preoccupied or self-interested bystanders did not resist with sufficient force.

Why mass murder?

  1. Cheapening of human life before Nazi takeover
  2. Domestic experimentation (1933-1939)
  3. International experimentation (1939-1940)
  4. Expansion and systematization (1940-1942)
  5. Peak years (1942-1943)
  6. Death throes (1944-1945)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

HOLOCAUST: Why Germany 1930s and 1940s?

A

a movement in Germany, a country located at the center of several major transformations of: -enlightenment, Emancipation and Industrial Revolution, Scientific racism and Colonialism, WWI, Russian Revolution lifted this fixation to power in the 1930s

–> Hitler’s antisemitism: Took 5 Layers of Anti-Semitism (religious, liberal, racial, national, and economic) and put together in one ideology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HOLOCAUST: Peak Years 1942-1943

A

War–> Jewish Problem and Resources to kill–> Final Solution

Wannsee

Three steps & Problems
• Expulsion (expansion)
• Concentration (food, disease, security risk)
• Manual killing in the (labor West?) intensive, resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HOLOCAUST: Expansion and Systemization

A

Ethnic revenge through minority rule

  • -> Expansion Westward
  • -> Balkans
  • -> Invasion SU

All lead to control over more Jews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HOLOCAUST: Experimenation

A

Poland and before disabled with t4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HOLOCAUST: Snyder “Bloodlands”

A

• Double-occupation land (SU and Germans)
• Poles perceive their Jewish neighbors as collaborators with the SU
–> Opportunity for revenge, Deployment Militias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HOLOCAUST: Intenationalism

A
  • Holocaust happened because Hitler intended to kill the Jews early on (redemptive antisemitism)
  • Devised a system to do so
  • Emigration & concentration temporary stopgaps
  • After invasion SU Hitler implemented his plan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HOLOCAUST: Functionalism

A
  • No directives from higher up: Hitler never ordered for Jews to be killed, but
  • Local bureaucrats developed local solutions to “Jewish problem” (e.g. in Poland).
  • Over time less radical solutions were no longer available and mass killing became an option
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HOLOCAUST: Bergen Explains Holocaust

A

BOTH Intentionalism and Functionalism

Hitler made clear what he wanted to do with the Jews.
• Local solutions were created in light of this goal
• Competition between different local actors activated a spiral of radicalization (working towards the Fuhrer).
• Hence it could not have happened without
 Hitler’s clear intentions (intentionalist)
 Local solutions (functionalist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Why the Ottoman empire in 1915?

A

 Imperialism->Decline
 Nationalism & separatism->Decline
 Young Turk revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Why the Armenians?

A

 Young Turk racism
 The Armenian renaissance
 European interference
 The Russian-Ottoman faultline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE:
Why mass violence in 1915?

A

 Cumulative radicalization
 WWI, Van Uprising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE:
Timelines

A
  • –> “The Sick Man of Europe”
  • –> Rise of Nationalism–> Greek independence, MULTI-ETHNIC EMPIRE
  • –> Tanzimat reforms by Abdulmejid—Sultan (1839-1876)—> economic modernization, legal modernization, poor implementation
  • -> Russo-Turkish war (1877-1878)—> Treaty of Berlin
  • –> Sultan Hamid II (1876)–> rebuild empire, end reforms
  • -> Armenian mobilization against centralization
  • –> 1890s Massacres of Armenians
  • -> Financial Crisis 1880s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Treaty of Berlin

A

Russo-Turkish War–> Russians help Slavic Brothers
 Autonomy for Serbia, Romania, Montenegro
 Protection for Christian minorities
 Forced entry Christian missionaries inside Ottoman Empire

CONSEQUENCES: Emboldens minorities, less diverse, muslim refugees–> revenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: CUP

A 
Young Turks (Nationalist) vs. Progressive 
---\> Young turks win --\> German trained, Nationalist, want less focus on empire
17
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Balkan wars + Counterrevolution=

A

MORE NATIONALISM

  • -> lose territory
  • ->Weakening of democracy
18
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Armenian Renaissance

A

marketization, urbanization, industrialization that had created differences between the Ottoman Empire and its neighbors
• 1878: Urban Armenians are in trade and finance (Christian networks–> diaspora community w/ international ties) Benefit from the rise of the West
—> Majority of trader, major exporters, major industrialists, bankers Armenian
• Rural Armenians (in border region with Russia) benefit from grain imports from Russia

19
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Reason 3: Ottoman-Russian fault line

A

• War of 1829-1829 (Splits)
• War of 1877-1878
 Armenian Russians prominent in army
 some Armenians on Ottoman side join Russian army when invading
• Berlin treaty: further annexation
–> Armenians living in this territory celebrate
 Turks forced out and replaced with Armenians

20
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Reason 4: Armenian Mobilization

A
  1. Nationalist Mobilization (Dashnaks)
  2. Marxist Mobilization (Hunchnak group)
21
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Why mass killing?

A

 Normalization of violence
—> 1894: Sasun massacre
• 1890s: Violent repression of Armenian Marxists in cities (Hunchak)
• Counterrevolution against CUP
 WWI
—> REVENGE, TERRITORY (SPACE), RACE, MINORITY PROTECTION
 Van Uprising

22
Q

Jewish identity vs Armenian identity

A

Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust by Jason Wittenberg and Jeffrey Kopstein—> • Minority bloc in Poland
 United minorities in Poland->gaining autonomy
 Zionist leader
 Difference: unified several minorities under that banner
• More pogroms in towns with high support for minority block

23
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Three Groups and Characteristics

A

 Twa: 6th century, 1st original group, Hunters and gatherers. 1990: 1% population
 Huti: 7th century, Crop cultivators. 1990: 84% population
 Tutsi: 8/9th century, Cattle traders, 1990: 15% population

24
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Hutu and Tutsi Boundary

A 
Not Fixed 
• Social class not ethnic identity--\> social mobility allowed to move 
• Socio-economic class status
25
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why Tutsis?

A
  1. Colonial politics->Activation ethnic boundary
    —> Berlin Conference (1884)
    —> Germans: Introduce Hamitic myth
    –> Versailes Treaty: Rwanda goes to Belgium–> further racism
    —> Mid-1950s: Nationalism among Tutsis, Belgians reverse status–> inversion of Hamitic Myth
  2. Decolonization->Envy and threat through status reversal
    Independence 1960s—> 300,000 Tutsis flee to Burundi
26
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Tutsis in Burundi found…

A

RPF Try to destabilize Rwanda by launching attacks from Burundi

27
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why Rwanda in 1994?

A
  • Economic crisis creates threats to Hutu elites
  • Democratization creates threats to Hutu elites
28
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why Rwanda Timeline

A

1973: Coup Habyararimana –> strict ethnic policies, business interests first, strong informal economy

Late 1980s: economic unrest–> coffee price falls, International debt, IMF/World Bank/France–>  Structural adjustment: open markets & reduce informal economy

Late 1980s: political unrest–> • IMF/World Bank/France loan for multi-party system

  • –> Rise Left wing non-ethnic parties against Hutu elites
  • -> Rise Hutu extremists against Hutu elites (Akazu)

Habyararimana responds:
Hutu nationalism, (Akuzu) into party, racism in school, propaganda on radio, “Hutu 10 Commandments”

29
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Fault-lines Activated Late 1980s:

A

Political elite: Hutu and Rich–> don’t want to activate wealth fault line because then would be in majority, instead invoke Hutu racial line

30
Q

RWANDA GENOCIDE: Why mass killing in 1994?

A

• Invasion RPF (group of Tutsis in Burundi)
• Arusha accords—> peace accords in aftermath of war due to invasion of RPF International Community steps in
–> Requires Power sharing government–> ethnic groups need to share power
—> International community deploys UN troops guard the peace
• Plane crash Habyararimana
—> RPF Invasion, response killing and blockades

31
Q

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE:

Three groups

A

 Serbs (Orthodox)
 Croats (Roman Catholic)
 Bosniacs (Muslim)
• Mixed 1991–> people from neighboring countries living there, some concentration of groups, but largely living together in same localities

32
Q

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE:
Why ethnic antagonism? TIMELINE

A

Faultline of Rome and Constantinople
—> 1054 Split: East Balkans: Serbs- >Orthodox (first form of Serbs) and West Balkans: Rest->Roman Catholic—> Bosnia and Serbia–> independent states

• 1400s: Both Bosnia and Serbia become Part of Ottoman Empire—> Bosnians convert to Islam
—> Battle of Kosovo (start of a myth)

• 1878: Decline Ottoman empire—> Serbian independence–> greater Serbia myth

• WWI—> Kingdom of Yugoslavia forms
—> Serbians dominate, Croats annexed, Bosnians not recognized

  • WWII: Revenge through minority rule –> resistance by Chetniks and Communists—> Tito rise
  • Decentralization under Tito 1960-1980

1980: Kosovo independence movement, 1981 Put down

33
Q

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Why 1995?

A

Economic & political problems late 1980s
–> End Cold War, Lose Special Status, Oil Crisis, Debt IMF structural adjustments—> conditional loans for Multiparty system

SANU-Memorandum 1986: Claim Serbian oppression, Ustase returning to power, greater Serbia, denounced by Serbian pres., Milosovic support

Milosevic rides the waves of nationalism, Kosovo, Communist into nationalist party
—> Media declares Serbs under attack

Slovenia: 1991 Independence

Croatia: 1991 • Nationalist party led by Tudjman, Greater Croatia Proclaim independence

34
Q

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Why Mass Killing?

A

Serbians declare open war in Slovenia–> Open war in Croatia

Bosnian Response: Leader Izetbegovic Rotating leadership (Bosnian rules, serb rules, croat rules)
 Serbs and Croats abdicate—> under influence of developments in Serbia no longer want to take part

Bosnian independence
• EU declares support for independence in both Croatia and Slovenia

• Bosnian-Serbs declare independence in response

Open war breaks out in Bosnia
• Day of the referendum Serbian military invades Bosnia and circles Sarajevo
 Claim to defend Yugoslavia

RESPONSE: Self-defense units form

People flee, mass murder, and rape

35
Q

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: 1993 Vance-Owen Peace plan

A
  • NATO threatens with airstrikes—> make peace or BOMB
  • Peace plan: divide between serbs, croats and Bosnians, Safe-areas for Bosniaks–> where Bosniaks live and protected by UN Soldiers
  • UN protection (use of force)
  • Talks fail->Fighting continues
36
Q

BOSNIAN GENOCIDE: Sebrenic

A

• Falls to Bosnia Serb militias (led by Mladic)
• 400 Dutch UN soldiers meant protect Bosnians from Croats, don’t
NATO intervention
 “Operation Deliberate Force”

37
Q

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: MELSON

A

Social revolution linked to genocide:

  • -> Social revolutions are likely to pass through a radical phase in which revolutionary vanguards attempt to destroy their supposed enemies and to create a new political community in line with their ideologies.
  • –> Social revolutions create opportunities for movements that had espoused genocide even before the revolution to seize power and to implement their policies.
  • -> Regimes opposing revolutions may use genocidal methods not only against their political enemies but against the social groups from which their opponents spring.
38
Q

Armenian Genocide and Holocaust–MELSON

A

(1) Despised minorities undergoing rapid social mobilization and adaptation to the modern world
 the social mobilization of despised minorities made them targets of genocidal movements
(2) Both imperial regimes were swept away by revolution and war and both were succeeded by revolutionary vanguards who became the perpetrators of the two genocides
 revolutions-created the conditions for genocidal movements to come to power and radicalized the views of revolutionary vanguards who had seized power
(3) occurred in the midst of major wars.
 wartime facilitated the implementation of genocide as a policy of the state.

Paradoxes Soc (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions