Cardiology

Question 1

Aortic stenosis

Answer 1

Systolic ejection murmur heard most over the aortic valve and the neck. Reduced or absent S2 may be present

Question 2

Aortic regurgitation

Answer 2

Early diastolic murmur heard loudest over left sternal edge. Heard as decrescending murmur with collapsing pulse

Question 3

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Answer 3

rare condition where vascular cells of arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue. It causes a string of beads shape on angio with alternating aneurysms and stenoses along the vessel

Question 4

HAS-BLED

Answer 4

scoring for bleeding on anticoags for AF

Question 5

Long QT syndrome

Answer 5

caused by genetics, hypokalaemia, diuretics, antidepressants, or antihistamines.
Sx- blackout, fainting, palpitations, seizures

Question 6

Mitral regurgitation

Answer 6

Pansystolic murmur heard loudest over mitral area radiating up into the axilla. Heard best with bell of stethoscope

Question 7

Mitral stenosis

Answer 7

low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur heard loudest over apex with low volume pulse. Loud S1 with tapping apex beat

Question 8

Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 8

ejection systolic murmur heard loudest over pulmonary area. Also gives split S2 sound and right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 9

Pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 9

high-pitch early-diastolic decrescendo murmur heard over left sternal edge. Usually caused by pulmonary hypertension

Question 10

Pulsus paradoxus

Answer 10

abnormally large decrease in stroke volume and systolic BP (more than 10mmHg) on inspiration. Caused by asthma, COPD, HF, pericarditis, tension pneumothorax or tamponade

Question 11

Tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 11

Pansystolic murmur heard most loudly over tricuspid region. Causes back pressure on venous system with v-waves on jugular vein, palpable hepatic pulses and CS of RSHF

Question 12

Tricuspid stenosis

Answer 12

Rarely audible mid-diastolic murmur giving raised JVP