Pathology

Question 1

Glomerulonephritis is non-infective. True/False?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the usual mechanism of disease that causes glomerulonephritis??

Answer 2

Autoimmunity - autoantibody formation or deposition of immune complexes
Can follow URTI but not common

Question 3

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 3

Infection of the renal pelvis/calyces, extending into tubules and interstitium

Question 4

Acute pyelonephritis is more common than chronic. True/False?

Answer 4

False

Usually chronic presentations

Question 5

What is the commonest organism cause of pyelonephritis?

Answer 5

E. coli

Can also get Pseudomonas, Strep. faecalis

Question 6

Is pyelonephritis commoner in males or females?

Answer 6

Females since urethra is shorter and wider

Question 7

How is pregnancy a risk factor for pyelonephritis?

Answer 7

Ureteric dilation occurs with stasis due to hormonal and anatomical effects

Question 8

Vesico-ureteric reflux can cause pyelonephritis. What is this?

Answer 8

Congenital/acquired defect where ureter entrance into bladder isn’t closed off, so when bladder contracts there is reflux

Question 9

What is cystitis and which organisms usually cause it?

Answer 9

Inflammation of the bladder

E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas

Question 10

Which tropical infection can predispose to urethelial malignancy?

Answer 10

Schistosomiasis (particularly squamous cell carcinoma)

Question 11

Urethral obstruction is more common in males. True/False?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What effect does prolonged bladder outlet obstruction have on detrusor muscle?

Answer 12

Hypertrophy and diverticulum formation

Question 13

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 13

Dilation of pelvicalyceal system with parenchymal atrophy

Question 14

What is the main cause of hydronephrosis?

Answer 14

Urinary tract obstruction

Reflux