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psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike stuctures in the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material

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2
Q

autosomes

A

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

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3
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the child

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4
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

molecule composed of four nucleotide bases that is the biochemical basis of heredity

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5
Q

genes

A

group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions

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6
Q

genotype

A

person’s hereditary makeup

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7
Q

phenotype

A

physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result form the interaction between one’s genes and the environment

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8
Q

alleles

A

variations of genes

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9
Q

homozygous

A

when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other

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11
Q

dominant

A

form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed

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12
Q

recessive

A

allele whose instructions are ignored in the presence of a dominant allele

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13
Q

incomplete dominance

A

situation in which one allele does not dominate another completely

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14
Q

sickle-cell trait

A

disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele

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15
Q

phenylketonuria

A

inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme

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16
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

progressive and fatal type of dementia caused by dominant alleles

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17
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

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18
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes

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19
Q

monozygotic twins

A

the result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form two new individuals; also called identical twins

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20
Q

dizygotic twins

A

the result of two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm; also called fraternal twins

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21
Q

heritability coefficient

A

a measure (derived from a correlation coefficient) of the extent to which a trait or characteristic is inherited

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22
Q

niche-picking

A

process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one’s genetic makeup

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23
Q

nonshared environmental influences

A

forces within a family that make siblings different from one another

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24
Q

prenatal development

A

the many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human

25
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

26
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

process by which sperm and an egg are mixed in a petri dish to create a zygote, which is then placed in a woman’s uterus

27
Q

eugenics

A

effort to improve the human species by letting only people whose characteristics are valued by a society mate and pass along their genes

28
Q

implantation

A

step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman’s blood cells

29
Q

germ disc

A

small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby

30
Q

placenta

A

structure though which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and then developing child

31
Q

embryo

A

term given to the zygote once it is completely embedded in the uterine wall

32
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of the embryo, which becomes the hair the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system

33
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of the embryo which becomes the muscles bones, and circulatory system

34
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the lungs and the digestive system

35
Q

amnion

A

inner sac in which the developing child rests

36
Q

amniotic fluid

A

fluid taht surrounds the fetus

37
Q

umbilical cord

A

structure containing veins and arteries that connects the developing child to the placenta

38
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

a principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the head develop first

39
Q

proximodistal principle

A

principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the center of the body develop first

40
Q

period of the fetus

A

longest period of prenatal development, extending from the 9th until the 38th week after conception

41
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human

42
Q

vernix

A

substance that protects the fetus’s skin during development

43
Q

age of viability

A

age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at 7 months after conception

44
Q

spina bifida

A

disorder in which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly

45
Q

stress

A

physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging conditions

46
Q

teratogen

A

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

47
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

disorder affecting babies whose mother consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant

48
Q

ultrasound

A

prenatal diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to generate an image of the fetus

49
Q

amniocentesis

A

prenatal diagnostic technique that uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother’s abdomen

50
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion

51
Q

fetal medicine

A

field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth

52
Q

crowning

A

appearance of the top of the baby’s head during labor

53
Q

hypoxia

A

a birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen

54
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical removal of infant from the uterus through an incision made in the mother’s abdomen

55
Q

preterm

A

babies born before the 36th week after conception

56
Q

low birth weight

A

newborns who weigh less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds)

57
Q

very low birth weight

A

newborns who weigh less than 1500 grams(3.3 pounds)

58
Q

extremely low birth weight

A

newborns who weigh less than 100 grams (2.2 pounds)

59
Q

infant mortality

A

the number of infants out of 1000 births who die before their first birthday

psychology (3 decks)

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