Eyes

Question 1

What is esotropia?

Answer 1

A convergent squint

Question 2

What is exotropia?

Answer 2

Divergent squint

Question 3

What is amblyopia?

Answer 3

Lazy eye- the brain supresses the image from one eye leading to poor vision in that eye without any pathology

Question 4

How is amblyopia treated?

Answer 4

Correctable in early years by wearing patch over working eye to stimulate lazy eye.

Question 5

How are cataracts treated?

Answer 5

Surgery- lens removed and plastic lens is replaced

Question 6

What is glucoma?

Answer 6

Raised intraocular pressure, this puts pressure on the nerve fibres in the retina and cause them to die out. Causing visual field defects and blindness.

Glucoma triad is raised IOP, visual field defects and optic disc changes

On opthalmoscopy optic disc will appear pale and cupped.

This is most commonly caused by Primary open angle glaucoma

Question 7

How is Primary open angle glucoma managed?

Answer 7

Prostigaldin analogues
Beta blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Laser trabeculoplasty - to make the trabecular network drain better
Trabeculectomy surgery

Question 8

How does angle closure glaucoma present?

Answer 8

Sudden onset, painful vision lost/blurred
Headaches

Red eye
Cornea often opaque
Very high IOP

Question 9

How is Angle closed glucoma managed?

Answer 9

Decrease IOP by :
Iv infusion of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide)
Analgesics
Constrictor eye drops 
Beta blockers e.g. timolol

Question 10

What can be done as long term management of Angle closed glucoma?

Answer 10

Iridotomy

Question 11

What can vitamin A deficency cause?

Answer 11

Night blindness
Bitot’s spots on conuctiva
Corneal ulceration

Question 12

What is accomodation?

Answer 12

The ability to change focus from distant to close object.

Question 13

What happens in accomodation?

Answer 13

Lens becomes thicker and more spherical
Pupil constricts
Eyes converges

For this to happen the cilliary muscle has to contract to make the suspensory ligaments lax so the lens becomes thicker.

Question 14

What is myopia?

Answer 14

Short-sightedness

This means that the lens is normally projecting the image infront of the rentina rather than on it like normal)

This means far away objects are not clear.

But near things are clear due to the increased bending power that occurs during accomodation.

Question 15

Give an example of prostigladin analogue used to treat POAG?

Answer 15

Latanoprost
Unoprostone
In eyedrop form

Question 16

Give examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat POAG?

Answer 16

Brinzolamide or Dorzolamide eye drops

or

Acetazolamide orally