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chemistry 2022 flashcards > solutions and solubility > Flashcards

solutions and solubility Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A substance made by combining elements or compounds physically, not chemically

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2
Q

What are the two kinds of mixture?

A

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

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3
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture where particles are evenly distributed throughout (cannot be separated physically)
also sometimes called solutions

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4
Q

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A

A mixture where particles are not evenly mixed and can be separated by physical means

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5
Q

What is a soluble substance mean?

A

If a substance is soluble, it will completely dissolve in the solution

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6
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A solution where the solvent is water

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7
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

an insoluble substance that separates from the solution

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8
Q

What is solubility?

A

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent

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9
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that does the dissolving in a solution

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10
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The substance that dissolves in a solution

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11
Q

What is random molecular motion?

A

The unpredictable movement and breaking apart of molecules or atoms within a solution

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12
Q

If NaCl mixes with H2O, which one is the solute and why?

A

H2O is the solute because the concentration of water rin the ocean is much higher than the concentration of salt.

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13
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute possible. No more solute added will dissolve

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14
Q

What is an unsaturated solution?

A

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute possible
ie if you added more solute, it would dissolve

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15
Q

What is a supersaturated solution?

A

A solution that holds more solute than normally possible (the solution was heated to a high temp and more solute was added to saturate the hot solution and then the solution is cooled quickly)

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16
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A homogeneous solution that is made of larger particles but the substance is still evenly distributed throughout

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17
Q

List the 4 types of colloids

A
  • sol
  • emulsion
  • foam
  • aerosol
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18
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A mixture that looks uniform when stirred or shaken but settles into different layers

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19
Q

What is a sol?

A

A colloidal suspension (looks uniform when stirred, separates into layers) that has solid particles in a liquid

20
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

A colloidal suspension (looks uniform when stirred, separates into layers) that is formed between two liquids

21
Q

What is a foam?

A

A colloidal suspension (looks uniform when stirred, separated into layers) that is formed when multiple gas particles are trapped in a solid or liquid

22
Q

What is an aerosol?

A

A colloidal suspension that has small solid or liquid particles spread evenly throughout a gas

23
Q

Ionic compounds dissolve in what kind of solvent?

A

Aqueous solvents

24
Q

Why do ionic compounds dissolve well in aqueous solvents? What is the process called?

A

The water is polar and pulls on the different charges in the ionic compound, causing the ionic crystal bonds to separate and break up into their original ions. This process is called “dissociation of ions”

25
Q

what kind of reaction is one of the most common types of chemical reaction to occur in an aqueous solution?

A

a precipitation reaction. where an insoluble liquid called a precipitate is formed.

26
Q

What is a spectator ion?

A

An ion that is not involved in the formation of a precipitate in an aqueous solution. not chemically changed over the course of a reaction

27
Q

What is a net ionic equation

A

a chemical equation that only shows the ions taking part in the reaction and ignores the spectator ions. only includes ions that are chemically changed in the overall reaction

28
Q

All ____ and ____ are soluble (one type of metal and one type of salt)

A

alkali metals

ammonium salts

29
Q

All ___, _____, and ____ are soluble (all end in -ate)

A

nitrates
chlorates
per chlorates
(all -ates contain an oxygen)

30
Q

All ___, ____, and ____ are insoluble

A

silver, lead 2+, and mercury + salts are insoluble

31
Q

All ____, ____, and ______ are soluble (all contain a halogen)

A

chloride
bromide
iodide

32
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A substance that will conduct electricity when dissolved in water

33
Q

What is a nonelectrolyte?

A

A substance that will not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

34
Q

What factors affect solubility and why? (2)

A

Temperature (increases solubility for solids as temp increases and decreases solubility for gases as temp increases), and pressure (affects gases when mixed with liquids, as pressure increases, the solubility of gases increases too)

35
Q

What is molarity?

A

Mol/L, mols of solute/liters of solution(or solvent - bc the solvent is dissolving the solute, just put the liters of solvent), or n/v

36
Q

What is molality?

A

The number of moles of solute dissolvent in 1 kg of solvent (mol/kg)

37
Q

When is molality important?

A

When you are adding solute to a solvent in an experiment and figuring out the colligative properties

38
Q

What is a colligative property? Give some examples

A

A physical property of a solution that depends on the ratio of the amount of solute to the solvent
freezing point depression, boiling point elevation

39
Q

Which is temperature-dependent, molarity or molality, and why?

A

Molarity is temperature-dependent because when the temp of a solution increases, so does the volume, and molarity is n/v

40
Q

When is molality used?

A

When the mass of a solvent must be known for a given calculation.

41
Q

What is the equation for calculating the overall charge in a covalent compound?

A

-(number of valence electrons - number of non-bonding electrons - (number of sharing electrons * 1/2))

42
Q

How is solubility measured?

A

Grams per liter, or the mass of the solute in grams/ the volume of the solvent in liters

43
Q

What is a dilution?

A

When the concentration of a solution is decreased

44
Q

When does dilution occur?

A

When more solvent is added to a fixed amount of solute

45
Q

What kind of lab equipment is used for dilutions?

A

Volumetric flasks

46
Q

What is the dilution formula and what does it tell you?

A

How much solvent to add to dilute a solution
M1V1=M2V2
(m1 =concentration/molarity of the starting solution, v1 = volume of starting solution, m2 = concentration/molarity of ending solution, v2 = volume of ending solution)

chemistry 2022 flashcards (28 decks)

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