U1-Organic

Question 1

polar

Answer 1

an uneven distribution of charge

Question 2

functional group

Answer 2

an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determine the molecules properties and reactions eg -COOH, -OH, NH2

Question 3

hydrocarbon

Answer 3

a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only eg alkanes and alkenes

Question 4

homologous series

Answer 4

a series of compounds with similar properties and the same general formula,( in which each member contains one CH2 unit more than the previous member)

Question 5

structural isomer

Answer 5

a compound with the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 6

alkanes

Answer 6

CnH2n+2
saturated hydrocarbon
tetrahedral geometry
burn in O2 --> CO2 and H2O
does not decolourise bromine water

Question 7

alkenes

Answer 7

CnH2n
unsaturated hydrocarbon
planar geometry
burns in O2 --> CO2 and H2O
decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)

Question 8

alkynes

Answer 8

CnH2n-2
unsaturated hydrocarbon
linear geometry
burns in O2 --> CO2 + H2O
doesn't decolour bromine water (triple bond stronger than double bond)

Question 9

alcohols

Answer 9

hydroxyl group
-anol
contain one -O-H
hydration of ethene or fermentation of glucose

Question 10

primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol

Answer 10

1°= carbon with -OH is bonded to one other carbon (can oxidise to form carboxylic acids and ketones)
2°= carbon with -O-H is bonded to two other carbons (can oxidise to form ketones)
3°= carbon with O-H is bonded to three other carbons (can't oxidise to form anything

Question 11

carboxylic acids

Answer 11

carboxyl group

• oic acid
• COOH

Question 12

aldehydes

Answer 12

carbonyl functional group
-al
C=O bond at C1
always named from C1 tf do not need a no.
-CHO at 'hyde'

Question 13

ketones

Answer 13

-one
carbonyl group
doubt covalently bonded O atom in the middle of the chain (not on the outskirts)

Question 14

Priority naming

Answer 14

PREFIX. NAME. SUFFIX.
carboxy- Carboxylic acid (-oic acid)
alkoxycarbonyl- Ester (-oate)
amido- Amide (-amide)

formyl-                 Aldehyde (-al)
oxo-                     Ketone (-one)
hydroxy-              Alcohol (-ol)
amino-                 Amine (-amine)
alkenyl-               Alkene (-ene)
alkynyl-               Alkyne- (-yne)
alkyl-                   Alkane (-ane)

(chloro, bromo ect- haloalkanes)

Question 15

esters

Answer 15

-OCO-
-yl -oate
ester linkage

Question 16

amide

Answer 16

-CONH2
-amide
amido-
amide linkage (mid) -CONH-
amide group (end) -CONH2-

Question 17

amines

Answer 17

R-NH2
-amine
amino-
amine group

Question 18

haloalkane

Answer 18

substitution reactions
fluoro-
bromo-
iodo-

Question 19

the strength of dispersion forces bw hydrocarbon molecules is greater (when) ….

Answer 19

the closer the molecules are to one another (how closely they can pack depends on their shape

the larger the molecules- more regions of electrostatic forces of attraction that can occur bw molecules

Question 20

polarities

Answer 20

inform the type of intermolecular bond that will form

Question 21

solubility in water

Answer 21

small alcohols amines aldehydes carboxylic acids are able to form H bonds w water tf are soluble

water dissolves organic molecules by forming dipole dipole attractions and H bonds with them

Question 22

*fuel

Answer 22

a substance that burs in air or oxygen to release a usable amount of energy

Question 23

complete combustion

Answer 23

plentiful supply of air/ O2 in excess:

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 24

incomplete combustion

Answer 24

supply of O2/ air is poor:
hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water
-> carbon (soot) + water
(carbon monoxide = slightly insufficiency)
(soot = severe insufficiency)

Question 25

substitution:

alkane + halogen ->

Answer 25

conditions: UV light
haloalkane
(substitute 1 at a time)

Question 26

substitution:

haloalkane + hydroxide ions (or metal hydroxides)

Answer 26

condition: strong base

alcohol + halogen ion

Question 27

why can alkenes undergo addition reactions

Answer 27

bc they have a double bond

Question 28

alkene + hydrogen halogen ->

Answer 28

haloalkane

Question 29

alkene + hydrogen ->

Answer 29

conditions: Ni catalyst and 150C

alkane

Question 30

alkene + water ->

Answer 30

conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst, 300C, 60-70atm

alcohol

Question 31

formation of ethanol (both ways)

Answer 31

from steam: C2H4 + H20 -(60-70atm, H3PO4 catalyst, 300C)-> C2H5OH

from glucose: C6H12O6 -(yeast catalyse [zymase])-> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

Question 32

uses of ethanol

Answer 32

solvent in perfumes, inks, glues
fuel
make esters (use in food flavouring)
alcoholic drinks

Question 33

oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 33

conditions: H+/MnO4 (acidified permanganate) or H+/Cr2O7 (acidified dichromate)
partial: alcohol -> aldehyde
full: alcohol -> carboxylic acid

Question 34

oxidation of secondary alcohols

Answer 34

condition: H+/Cr2O7

alcohol -> ketone

Question 35

formation of esters

Answer 35

condensation esterification reaction (reversible)
conditions: concentrated H2SO4
alkanol + acid -(H2SO4) < - > ester + water

Question 36

polymer

polymerisation

Answer 36

molecular chain made from many repeating monomers

under pressure + w a catalyst, double bond breaks-> bond bw molecules

Question 37

thermoplastic

Answer 37

(polymer):
chains loosely tangled together
no cross links
low melting point 
can be remoulded
eg: plastic bag, cling wrap

Question 38

thermosetting

Answer 38

(polymer):
cross links between chains
much higher melting pionts
cannot be remoulded 
rigid and inflexible
eg kitchen bench coverings, outer layer on flat pack furniture

Question 39

elastomers

Answer 39

(polymer):
can be stretched or deformed
regain their shape
only a few cross links
sulphur bridges between some of chains
eg rubber, which is 'vulcanised' by adding sulphur

Question 40

LDPE

Answer 40

low density PolyEthene:
formed under high temp + pressure
amorphous (branched chains that don't fit)
low melting point
soft + flexible
used to make carrier bags, Glad wrap

Question 41

HDPE

Answer 41

High Density PolyEthene:
formed using catalyst at lower temps
chains X branched
fit together much better than LDPE
more crystalline and less amorphous
forms harder substances, used to make wheelie bins, classroom chairs

Question 42

haloalkane + water

Answer 42

alcohol + hydrogen halide