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Microbiology > Test 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Protists

A

A protist is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.

Examples of protists include:
Amoebas (including nucleariids and Foraminifera);
choanaflagellates; ciliates;
Diatoms;
Dinoflagellates;
Giardia;
Plasmodium (which causes malaria);
Oomycetes (including Phytophthora, the cause of the Great Famine of Ireland); and
slime molds.
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2
Q

Protozoans

A

An informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.

Some examples of protozoa are Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Trypanosoma.

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3
Q

Algae

A

an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms.

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4
Q

Fungi

A

Any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

Examples of fungi are yeasts, rusts, stinkhorns, puffballs, truffles, molds, mildews and mushrooms.

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5
Q

Helminths

A

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and other animals.

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6
Q

Ciliates

A

The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia

Examples: Lacrymaria, Coleps, Stentor, Dileptus, Paramecium

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7
Q

Flagellates

A

A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.

Flagellates may be solitary, colonial (Volvox), free-living (Euglena), or parasitic (the disease-causing Trypanosoma). Parasitic forms live in the intestine or bloodstream of the host. Many other flagellates (dinoflagellates) live as plankton in both salt and fresh water.

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8
Q

Sarcodina

A

These organisms have streaming cytoplasm and use temporary cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia in locomotion (called amoeboid movement) and feeding.

It includes the amoebas, heliozoan, rediozoa and foraminifera, which are characterized by their ability to move by cytoplasmic flow.

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9
Q

Apicomplexa

A

Apicomplexa is a large phylum of parasitic protists belonging to the Alveolata group, together with ciliates and dinoflagellates. Several of its members are causative agents of human diseases.

Examples: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium

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10
Q

Cell wall composition of bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants

A

Bacteria - peptidoglycan

Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of mixed glycans

Algae – varies in chemical composition; substances commonly found include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate

Plants - Cellulose

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11
Q

Cell envelope and cell exterior in bacteria

A

The cell envelope comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium.

The principal surface layers are capsules and loose slime, the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and the complex cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, plasma (cytoplasmic) membranes, and mesosomal membrane vesicles, which arise from invaginations of the plasma membrane.

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12
Q

Structure and function of eukaryotic organelles

A

Nucleus: The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA.

Mitochondria: Make energy out of food

Ribosomes: Make protein

Golgi Apparatus: Make, process and package proteins

Lysosome: Contains digestive enzymes to help break food down

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Called the “intracellular highway” because it is for transporting all sorts of items around the cell.

Vacuole: Used for storage, vacuoles usually contain water or food.

Chloroplasts: Use sunlight to create food by photosynthesis

Cell Wall: For support

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13
Q

Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic

A

Autotrophs are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy.

Heterotrophs are known as consumers because they consume producers or other consumers.

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14
Q

Types of Fungi

A

Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)

Microscopic fungi, with two morphologies
• Hyphae – long filamentous fungi or molds
• Yeast – round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction

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15
Q

Types of parasitic worms

A

Flatworms – flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory and nervous systems
• Cestodes (tapeworms)
• Trematodes or flukes, are flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts

Roundworms (nematodes) – round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth; excretory and nervous systems poorly developed. Pinworms

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16
Q

Structure of viral particles and function

A

Covering
• Capsid
• Envelope (not found in all viruses)

Central core
• Nucleic acid molecule(s) (DNA or RNA)
• Matrix proteins Enzymes (not found in all viruses)

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17
Q

Viral shapes, nucleic acid and proteins

A

Helical – continuous helix of capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid
• plum poxvirus

Icosahedral –three-dimensional, symmetrical polygon, with 20 sides and 12 evenly spaced corners
• Rotavirus (naked)
• Herpes simple (enveloped)

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18
Q

Host cell viruses

A

CD4+T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC) are the host cells for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus)
Respiratory tract epithelial cells are the host cells for the Influenza virus
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts are the host cells for the Ebola virus
Nerve cells and salivary gland epithelial cells serve as host cells for the Rabies virus

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19
Q

Naked vs. Enveloped virus

A

Some viruses have an external covering called an envelope; those lacking an envelope are naked

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20
Q

Environmental factors that affect physiology of microbes

A 
Moisture.
Oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide.
Temperature.
pH.
Light.
Osmotic Effect.
Mechanical and Sonic Stress.
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21
Q

Aerobes vs. Anaerobes

A

An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. In contrast, an anaerobic organism (anaerobe) is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.

22
Q

Halophile/Osmophile

A

A halophile is an organism, especially a microorganism, that grows in or can tolerate saline conditions.

23
Q

Mesophile

A

A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 20 to 45 °C (68 to 113 °F).

24
Q

Thermophile

A

A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F).

25
Q

Psychrophile

A

Psychrophiles or cryophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −20 °C[2] to +10 °C

26
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is often above 80 °C (176 °F).

27
Q

Capnophile

A

Capnophiles are microorganisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

28
Q

Diffusion

A

diffusion, process resulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

29
Q

Osmosis

A

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

30
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion is the process of passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

31
Q

active transport

A

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

32
Q

bulk transport

A

exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis

33
Q

Macronutrient

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron.

These are also known as macro elements or macronutrients because these elements are required in high amounts by the microbes.

34
Q

Growth Factor

A

Growth factors are organic compounds such as amino acids , purines , pyrimidines , and vitamins that a cell must have for growth but cannot synthesize itself.

35
Q

Micronutrient, trace element

A

Generally known as trace elements, micronutrients majorly make up enzymes and cofactors of microbes. Micronutrients include copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Zinc (Zn)

36
Q

Hypotonic vs. Isotonic vs. Hypertonic

A

Isotonic: The solutions being compared have equal concentration of solutes.

Hypertonic: The solution with the higher concentration of solutes.

Hypotonic: The solution with the lower concentration of solutes.

37
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Sunlight or organic matter

38
Q

Photoautotroph

A

uses CO2 as source, Sunlight
a photosynthetic organism (such as a green plant or a cyanobacterium) that utilizes energy from light to synthesize organic molecules

39
Q

Chemoorganotroph

A

Derive carbon and energy from organic compounds, that is, aerobic respiration

40
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

gain energy from chemical compounds, uses CO2 as source

Simple inorganic chemicals.

41
Q

Microaerophile

A

Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen.

42
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.

43
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes use fermentation to produce ATP. They do not use oxygen, but they can protect themselves from reactive oxygen molecules.

44
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Obligate anaerobes are organism which can only live in environments which lack oxygen.

45
Q

Viral penetration of a host cell

A

Absorption – binding of virus to specific molecules on the host cell
Penetration – genome enters the host cell
Uncoating – the viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid
Synthesis – viral components are produced
Assembly – new viral particles are constructed
Release – assembled viruses are released by budding (exocytosis) or cell lysis

46
Q

Chloroplast vs. Mitochondrion

A

Mitochondria generates energy for the cell in the form of ATP using oxygen and nutrients. Chloroplast is the site for photosynthesis in a plant cell.

47
Q

Characteristics of living organisms

A

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.

48
Q

Cell envelope and cell exterior in eukaryotes

A

Rigid, provides structural support and shape
Typical bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
Sterols confer stability
Serves as selectively permeable barrier in transport

49
Q

Roles of Fungi

A

Adverse impact
• Mycoses, allergies, toxin production
• Destruction of crops and food storages

Beneficial impact
• Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
• Decomposers of dead plants and animals
• Used in making foods and in genetic studies

50
Q

Saprobe

A

free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

Microbiology (7 decks)

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