Package of practices for soya bean production Flashcards
Importance (uses)
rich in protein and also known as the wonder crop.
43 % high quality protein and 20 % oil content
contains less starch so good for diabetic patients
industrial uses include varnishes, pharmaceuticals, soymilk, soy flu, paints, varnishes, cosmetics
Botanical classifications family subfamily genus species botanical name origin
family -leguminosae subfamily-papilionoidae genus-glycine species-spp origin- east asia introduced in Bhutan during 1980s
climatic requirement
grows well in warm and moist climate
temperature requirement is 26-30 degree celsius
germination temperature requirement is 10 degree celsius
rainfall requirement is 60-65 cm
short day plant
growth retards beyond 38 degree celsuis
altitude is 1200-2000 masl
rainfall during the maturity deteriorates the grain
soil requirement
well drained fertile loamy soil with loose and well aerated soil
compact soil are harmful for root nodule formation
sensitive to saline and acidic soil and its ph range is within 6.0-7.5
water logging is injurious to the crop
land preparation and time sowing
the land should be well levelled with good seed bed sate
one deep plough(30-35cm) followed by two harrowing and planking the soil.
it does require tilling in organic farming and crop residues of the previous cultivation are used
time of sowing
best after onset of monsoon rain
seed rate depends upon the germination rate, purity of the seeds, method of sowing , spacing, size of the bed and seeds.
generally 20-30 kg/ha is required
growth stages and reproductive stages
VE-emergence of cotyledons on the surface of the soil
VC- unfolding of unifoliolate leaves
V1- one set of unfolded trifoliolate leaves
V2-two sets of unfolded trifoliolate leaves
V4- four sets of unfolded trifoliolate leaves
Reproductive stages
R1-Beginning flowering- plants have at least a flower at the end of each node
R2-full flowering- there is a full flower at the upper most of one of the two nodes
R3-beginning pod-pods are 5mm at one of the four upper most nodes
R4- full pod-pods are 2cm at one of the four upper most nodes
R5-begining seed- seeds are 3mm in the pods at one of the four upper most nodes on the main stem
R6-full seed- green seeds fully covers the space of the pods at one of the four upper most nodes on the main stem
R7-beginning maturity -one normal pod on the main stem has reached its mature pod colour
R8-full maturity-95% of the pods have reached their maturity colour
spacing and method of sowing
spacing is 45-60 cm
at the time of thinning plant spacing between plant to plant is kept at 5cm
Sowing time depends on altitude, can be done from May to July as sole crop in Bhutan
in eastern Bhutan maize crop is intercropped with soybean(1200-1800)
wetland system in southern Bhutan , soybean grown on rice bunds and terrace walls after the rice has been transplanted.
line the seeds with the help of a seeds drill or behind the plough at 2-3 cm in heavy soil and 4-5 cm in light soil.
use thiram to prevent fungal diseases/ rhizobium culture
nutrient management
15 to 20 tons of FYM or per hectare should be applied
symbiotic nitrogen fixation( 150kg per hectare) through rhizobium so no external application is required.
requires relatively large amount of phosphorous just before the pod formation till ten days prior to seed development.
A dose of 50-60 kg of phosphorous is required
the rate of potassium is uptake climbs at its peak during the period of vegetative growth and slows down about the time beans begin to form.
50-60 kg/hectare of potassium oxide is sufficient to meet the requirement
P and K should be preferably placed at the time of sowing.
Water Management
during long spell of drought irrigation is beneficial
critical stage is during flowering and pod filling stages
check basin or border strip method is employed
during excessive rain proper drainage is equally important.
Weed management
Yield loss of 25-70 % depending upon the intensity and infestation of the weeds.
quality is also adversely effected.
crop is sensitive weed competition, particularly in early growth stages.
critical stages-initial 30 -45 days
weeds after this period are suppressed by smothering action of crop.
Varieties
daughter and bragg by DSC, 1990s
GC 86018-427-3(khangma Libi-2) released by RDC wengkhar,2002
There are many local varieties cultivated by bhutanese
farmers.
Harvesting and Threshing
Maturity period ranges from 90 to 140 days depending on varieties and season
sign;95% Pods are brown and most leaves dropped off
moisture content should not be more than 12-14 %
harvesting-uprooting the plants or by cutting with sickle
crop is threshed by beating with sticks/bullock or by mechanical thresher
The grain should be dried in the sun to bring the moisture to 10-12%
Yield
depends upon the adoption of improved technology and variety of the soybean 30-35 quintals of grains per hectare
the crop sequence generally observed with soybean are soybean-wheat, soybean-potato, soybean- Bengal gram, soybean- sunflower and soybean-potato-wheat
Pest management
Stem fly
gridle beetle
Bihar hairy caterpillar
stem fly
15-20 %reduction in yield
the larvae bores in tot he stem causing the effected part to dry up and leaves to droop.
for this Thimmet 10% granule 10 kg per hectare in soil before sowing.
gridle beetle
causes 50-60 % yield loss the beetle makes tunnels in the stem
it can be controlled by applying 0.07 % of Endosulfan or monocrotophos 0.4 %
bihar hairy caterpillar
4 % endosulfan dust 25 kg per hec or 0.7 spraying
Bihar hairy caterpillar
caterpillar feed on leaf epidermis
causes heavy damage in soybean
This insect can be controlled by dusting 4 %Endosulfan dust 25kg/Ha at earyl stages and by spraying 0.07% percent Endosulfan or 0.4% Monocrotophos
