11.2

Question 1

What is vital capacity?

Answer 1

The max volume of air that can be expired following a max inhalation. It includes inspiratory reserve, tidal, and expiration reserve volumes

Question 2

What term defines the minimal amount of air always present in the lungs to prevent them from collapsing?

Answer 2

The residual volume

Question 3

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 3

When more forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual

Question 4

What defines the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation?

Answer 4

Functional residual capacity

Question 5

When more forceful inflations allow more air to be inspired, above the tidal volume, what is this known as?

Answer 5

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 6

What is the tidal volume of the lungs?

Answer 6

The volume of air moving in the lungs during normal breathing

Question 7

When does peak expiration occur?

Answer 7

When intrapleural pressure of the lungs is least negative

Question 8

When does peak inspiration occur?

Answer 8

When intrapleural pressure of the lungs is most negative

Question 9

What is elastic recoil?

Answer 9

It causes the volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity to decrease. Thus, the pressure in the intrapleural space increases and air flows out of the lungs

Question 10

What happens when we exhale?

Answer 10

The diaphragm and external inter coastal muscles relax and undergo elastic recoil

Question 11

What decreases the surface tension in the lungs, making inspiration less challenging?

Answer 11

Pulmonary surfactant

Question 12

What happens during inhalation? (Inspiration)

Answer 12

The combined actions of the muscles contracting causes the volume of the lungs and thoracic cavity to increase, which causes the pressure of the intrapleural space to decrease . Resulting in air flow into the lungs

Question 13

What are the small muscles between your ribs, that cause the rib cage to fan up and down when they contract due to intercostal nerve innervation?

Answer 13

External inter coastal muscles

Question 14

What is the large skeletal muscle located at the bottom of the lungs?

Answer 14

The diaphragm, which is innervated by the phrenic nerve. When it contracts, it pulls the lungs downward

Question 15

What is thoracic negative pressure?

Answer 15

It is the negative pressure vital for controlling air flow through the lungs and preventing collapsing

Question 16

What is the pleural space?

Answer 16

It’s the space between the parietal and visceral layers, that contains fluid that’s always at a low pressure than the atmospheric pressure

Question 17

What are the outer and inner layers of the pleura called?

Answer 17

The outer layer is the parietal layer, and the inner layer is the visceral layer, which is in contact with the lungs

Question 18

What is the dual layered membrane that covers each lung?

Answer 18

The pleura

Question 19

How do the lungs differ in size?

Answer 19

B/c the heart lies to the let of the sternum, the left lung is smaller than the right one to make room for the heart. The left lung just has two lobes, while the right has three

Question 20

The lungs are found in which cavity, and what are they encased by?

Answer 20

In the thoracic cavity, with a rib cage

Question 21

After water has swept over the gills, dropping off O2 and picked up CO2, it will leave the fish via openings in the skin covering the gills. What are these openings called?

Answer 21

Operculum

Question 22

What are the benefits of countercurrent exchange?

Answer 22

It creates a diffusion gradient over the full surface of the gills. Allowing more O2 to enter the blood, as well as more CO2 to be removed from the blood

Question 23

How does countercurrent exchange work in fish?

Answer 23

Fluids flow in different directions, so as water flows over the gills in one direction, blood flows in the opposite direction through vessels that are close to the gill

Question 24

Fish are vertebrates belonging to phylum chordata. They have closed circulatory systems containing blood that transports gases b/w H2O and the body tissues. How do their gills help them?

Answer 24

When a fish swims, it opens its mouth so water can enter and pass over the gills, which have a large surface area that’s beneficial for the diffusion of gases b/w blood and H2O

Question 25

Arachnids respire via book lungs. What are these?

Answer 25

Stacks of flat vascularized membranes that lie within a chamber continuous w/ the outside environment. Providing a large surface area for respiration

Question 26

Insects respire through a series of openings all over their body, what are these openings called?

Answer 26

Spiracles, which continue into channels called tracheal tubes. These tubes have moist ends and allow for O2 to diffuse in and CO2 out

Question 27

How do earthworms perform simple diffusion?

Answer 27

They coat themselves in mucus, providing a moistness. Oxygen molecules are transported to their tissues. And CO2 is taken from tissues to the skin to diffuse out of the worm

Question 28

When do plants utilize the high energy e- contained in ATP and NADPH to produce carbohydrates from atmospheric carbon dioxide?

Answer 28

During the Calvin cycle

Question 29

What happens after H2O is split during photosynthesis?

Answer 29

Oxygen molecules are released into the environment, and the e- from H2O become energized by photons from the sun. They are then stored in e- ATP and NADPH

Question 30

H2O is split in apart during which process, so that electrons may be obtained by plants?

Answer 30

Photosynthesis

Question 31

What is the nasal cavity?

Answer 31

The first structure air contact when we inspire air. The nose warms and moistens incoming air, so it does not dry out the rest of our airways