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geography 2022 > hazards > Flashcards

hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what are natural hazards

A

atmospheric, hydrological and geomorphic processes and events in our environment that have the potential to affect people adversely

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2
Q

what is a disaster

A

a disaster is a sudden catastrophic event that causes serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic and/or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own Level of resources

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3
Q

how is a disaster entered into the database of the UN’s International strategy for disaster reduction.

A

a report of 10 or more people killed
a report of 100 people affected
a declaration of a state of emergency by the relevant government
a request by the national government for international assistance

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4
Q

what are some characteristics of hazards

A

a physical event such as a volcanic eruption that does not affect human beings is a natural phenomenon but not a natural hazard

a natural phenomenon that occurs in a populated area is a hazardous event

a hazardous event that causes unacceptable large numbers of fatalities and /or overwhelming property damage is a natural disaster

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5
Q

what is the spatial distribution?

A

the arrangement of geographical phenomena or activities across the earths surface

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6
Q

what is temporal distribution

A

the distrubution of geographical phenomena over time

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7
Q

what is magnitude

A

the strength of a hazard, or how large and important a natural hazard event is. Most hazards are measured on a scale

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8
Q

what is duration

A

the actual length of time that the hazard event occurs

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9
Q

what is frequency

A

refers to how often a hazard event occurs in a particular area/country

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10
Q

what is probability

A

the chance of an event or action occurring

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11
Q

what is proximity

A

the closeness or distance from the source or origin of the hazard

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12
Q

what is mitigation

A

the implementation of the strategies to eliminate or minimise the severity of a hazard or similarly adverse occurrence

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13
Q

what is the scale of spatial impact also known as

A

as the extent

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14
Q

what is geomorphic hazard

A

geomorphic hazards are caused by movement within the earths crust

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15
Q

what are atmospheric hazards

A

atmospheric hazards are those hazards that are created from atmospheric and/or weather processes.

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16
Q

what are hydrological hazards

A

hydrological hazards are driven by the hydrological processes in the water cycle.

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17
Q

what is a volcano

A

a volcano is a vent on the earths surface that allows magma to escape from the interior, causing an eruption of lava and gas into the atmosphere and surrounding environment

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18
Q

what are hot spots

A

these are hot areas inside the Earth where magma plumes continually rise to form a volcano

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19
Q

what are the three different types of volcanos

A

shield volcano- the magma is very hot and runny, eurptions are gentle and often

composite volcano- the magma is cooler and sticky, with explosive eruptions

caldera volcano- no build up of materials, vent unsupported and collapses

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20
Q

how is the magnitude of volcanic eruptions is measured

A

using a volcanic explosively index (VEI)

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21
Q

what are earthquakes

A

earthquakes are seismic waves of energy radiating from faults in all directions, resulting in violet shaking of the Earth’s oceanic and continental crust

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22
Q

what are landslides

A

a landslide is the movement of mass rock, soils and debris down a slope under the influence of gravity

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23
Q

how can landslides be categorized

A

as being geomorphic hazard, but its origins can also be hydrologic

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24
Q

what are tropical cyclones also known as

A

tropical cyclones also known as hurricanes or typhoons depending on the location of the event.

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25
Q

describe how cyclones form

A

they are caused by a tropical disturbance, which enables the wind to evaporate water from the ocean, and the warm air to rise, causing an intense low-pressure system to build.

surrounding air that exerts a higher pressure then fills the space, the low-pressure system continues to build and spin driven by the heat energy from the ocean

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26
Q

what temperatures do cyclones need to form

A

26.5

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27
Q

what natural hazard is most frequently

A

floods

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28
Q

what are floods

A

floods are defined as the invasion of water in a normally dry area of land. this can be caused by the overflow of inland or tidal water or runoff of surface waters generally due to heavy rainfall

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29
Q

what factors contribute to flooding area

A

intensity and duration of rainfall over the catchment area

capacity of catchment

weather conditions prior to rainfall event

ground cover

urbanisation

soil type

topography

tidal influences

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30
Q

what are the two types ecological hazard

A

biological hazards

human hazards

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31
Q

what is a epidemic

A

a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above that would normally be expected in that area

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32
Q

what is a pandemic

A

when a epidemic spreads over a different area for example several countries or continents

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33
Q

what are infectious diseases

A

a diseases that can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly

34
Q

what are examples of infectious diseases

A

chicken pox, COVID-19, Ebola, influenza, measles and rubella

35
Q

what are animal transmitted diseases

A

a sub category of infections diseases also known as vector borne diseases

36
Q

what are examples of animals transmitted diseases

A

Anthrax, West Nile virus, zika virus, ebola and the plague

37
Q

what are animal invasions

A

invasive animals are not native to a specific ecosystem and their introduction tends to cause harm to the environment, economy or human health.

38
Q

what are examples of animal invasions

A

the cane toad in australia, feral cats, rabbits

39
Q

what are waterborne diseases

A

waterborne diseases are a category of infections diseases that are caused by microorganisms contaminating the water

40
Q

what are examples of waterborne diseases?

A

diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid fever

41
Q

what is an examples of chemical hazards

A

deepwater horizon oil spin 2010

42
Q

MDCs usually…

A

reduce risks associated with hazards

reduce vulnerability and lower the impact

have well-built structures, strict land-use planning, disaster planning, and management

have the capacity to carry out rescue and reconstruction

43
Q

LDCs often have a …..

A

higher population density

larger proportion of children

lack of regulation and enforcement of rules on building codes, construction and land use planning

lack of capacity to recover

lack of financial resources for large scale rescue and reconstruction tasks

rural/farming based economies reliant on sustained farming

44
Q

what does LDCs stand for

A

less developed countries

45
Q

what does MDCs stand for

A

more developed countries

46
Q

what is a hazard risk management

A

it is the identification of the probability of a hazard and the vulnerability of the population that may be affected

47
Q

risk management can generally be broken into three phases

A

pre disaster planning- mitigation, prevention, preparedness, prediction

during the disaster- response

post disaster- recovery, relief, rescue and rehabilitation

48
Q

what is vulnerability

A

vulnerability assesses the risk level and refers to how a hazard event will affect human life and property

49
Q

what are some factors that influence vulnerability

A

wealth or level of affluence

education awareness of what protection can be taken against a hazard

levels of the organisation, including local and national government

technical ability to design and construct preventative measures or predict impacts

health and age of the population

availability and readiness of the emergency infrasture

the development of early warning signs

50
Q

what are the four factors of the hazard risk management

A

mitigation

preparation

response

recovery

51
Q

describe mitigation in terms of the hazard risk management

A

it refers to the actions that are taken to minimise or eliminate the risk from a hazard

52
Q

describe preparedness in terms of the hazard risk management

A

during this stage of the management plan, the emphasis is on prevention and preparedness.

53
Q

describe the response in terms of the hazard risk management

A

the response stage of the management plan is directed to the immediate needs of the population affected by the hazard event and is the emergency response phase

54
Q

describe recovery in terms of the hazard risk management

A

recovery is considered the long term response to a hazard event and is measured by the success of the physical and socioeconomic

55
Q

what are the two types of hazards

A

natural hazards- geomorphic, atmospheric hazard, hydrological hazard

ecological hazard- biological, chemical

56
Q

what is a drought

A

drought is a rainfall deficiency, substantially below the average experienced in a location over an extended period

57
Q

what is a bushfire

A

a bushfire is when the uncontrolled burning of grass, bush, forest or woodland occurs and threatens property, life and the environment.

58
Q

what is preparedness

A

Preparedness refers to the degree to which a household, community, nation, or other organization is prepared for a crisis.

59
Q

what is temporal

A

over time

60
Q

what is a natural feature

A

components and processes present in or produced by nature including, but not limited to soil, vegetation, drainage patterns, climate, food plains, aquatic life, wildlife

61
Q

what is a cultural feature

A

a man-made feature (as a town, road, bridge, or house) of a region

62
Q

what is spatial

A

over a amount of space

63
Q

what is scale

A

the concept of scales is used to analyse a phenomena and look for explanations at different spatial levels, from the personal to the local, regional, national and global.

64
Q

what is generic

A

characteristic of or relating to a class or group of things; not specific.

65
Q

what is a ecological hazard

A

it is a biological or chemical hazard that has the potential to impact adversely on the wellbeing of people or on the environment more generally.

66
Q

what is a biological hazard

A

biological hazards are driven by biological processes and are associated with life forms. such as infectious diseases, animal transmitted diseases, waterborne diseases, plate invasions, animal invasion

67
Q

what are chemical hazards?

A

chemical hazards or incidents are caused by toxic substances being uncontrollably released, which can then cause potential harm to people and the environment

68
Q

what are human hazards

A

human hazards are associated with human activities and our interaction with the environment

69
Q

what is an example of a volcano eruption

A

mount pinatubo 1991

70
Q

what is an example of a earthquake

A

tohoku Japan earthquake 2011

71
Q

what is an example of a landslide

A

the Vargas tragedy 1999

72
Q

what is an example of a cyclone

A

cyclone Yasi, Queensland 2011

73
Q

what is an example of a drought

A

australia 2017-2020

74
Q

what is an example of a bushfire

A

black Saturday bushfires, Victoria 2009

75
Q

what is an example of a flood

A

Brisbane and Queensland floods 2010-2011

76
Q

what is an example of a infections disease

A

HIV/AIDS in east and southern African Region

77
Q

what is an example of a animal transmitted diseases

A

rabies in australia

78
Q

what is an example of a animal and plate invasive specie

A

cane toad

water lettuce

79
Q

what is an example of waterborne diseases

A

the Yemen cholera crisis 2016 and onwards

80
Q

what is spatial technology

A

spatial technology is any technology that allows the collection, management and analysis of spatial information.

81
Q

what is a hazard

A

a hazard is a potential source of harm to a person, community, property or infrastructure

geography 2022 (8 decks)

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