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MPharm 2 - PH2113 > Unit 6 - Cardiovascular - AF > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Cardiovascular - AF Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram

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2
Q

What is sinus rhythm?

A

A normal heart beat

- starts at sinoatrial node (SAN)

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3
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal rate and/or rhythm of heart beat

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4
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Abnormally fast heart rate

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5
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Abnormally slow heart rate

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6
Q

What is the normal resting heart rate?

A

60 - 100 bpm

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7
Q

Give examples of common arrhythmias

A 
Ectopic beats
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
Atrial flutter
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
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8
Q

What are ectopic beats?

A

Caused by impulse starting somewhere other than SAN or ventricles ignoring the impulse
- common or usually harmless

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9
Q

What is Atrial Fibrillation (AF)?

A

Irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate

Most common sustained abnormal heart rhythm
- affects around 1 million people in the UK

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10
Q

What is Atrial flutter?

A

Rapid atrial depolarization from an abnormal focus within the atria

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11
Q

What is Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)?

A

Regular but fast heart rate

- can be caused by AF

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12
Q

What is Ventricular fibrillation (VF)?

A

A ventricular arrhythmia in which a chaotic series of electrical impulses causes them to quiver ineffectively rather than contract smoothly

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13
Q

What are the effects of ventricular fibrillation?

A

Most common life threatening arryhthmia

  • cardiac arrest
  • death
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14
Q

How can ventricular fibrillation be treated?

A

Defibrillation

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15
Q

How can atrial fibrillation be identified on an ECG?

A

Loss of P wave

- atria aren’t contracting as they should

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16
Q

What are the four types of AF?

A

Paroxysmal AF
Persistent AF
Long-standing persistent AF
Permanent AF

17
Q

What is paroxysmal AF?

A

Episodes come and go

- usually stop within 48 hours without any treatment

18
Q

What is persistent AF?

A

Each episodes lasts for longer than seven days

- less when treated

19
Q

What is long-standing persistent AF?

A

Continuous AF for a year or longer

20
Q

What is permanent AF?

A

Present all the time

21
Q

What are the symptoms of AF?

A 
Can be asymptomatic
- especially in older people
- first sign might be a stroke
Palpitations
Tiredness
Breathlessness/dyspnoea
Syncope/dizziness
Chest pain/discomfort
22
Q

What proportions of strokes are caused by undiagnosed AF?

A

AF suspected if someone has a stroke or TIA
- especially if no real reason
1/3 strokes caused by undiagnosed AF if no other cause

23
Q

What is the epidemiology of AF?

A 
More commonly seen in older people
- around 7% of those over 65
More common in women
More likely in those with other conditions
- hypertension
- atherosclerosis
- heart valve issues
- heart failure
- diabetes
24
Q

What is the prognosis of those with AF?

A

Generally good with treatment
- not usually life-threatening on its own
- VF is!
Can cause heart failure as ventricles work too hard and enlarge
Can lead to stroke

25
Q

What are the goals of management of AF?

A

Establish the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation
To control and prevent symptoms
- by controlling ventricular rate or atrial rhythm
To prevent stroke

26
Q

How can AF be diagnosed?

A

ECG
- monitor pulse
- can wear from 24 hours or a week to catch paroxysmal AF
Chest x-ray

27
Q

What is the treatment for AF?

A 
Admit to hospital if necessary
- stroke
- heart failure
Identify and manage underlying causes and triggers
- alcohol
- stimulants
- diabetes
- lung condition/infection
- dehydration
Rate control
- rate of ventricles beating
Rhythm control
- electrical rhythm
Stroke prevention
28
Q

How can the rate of the heart be controlled to treat AF?

A 
Recommended for most people
- choice of drug class depends on co-morbidities and contraindications

Beta-blockers
Rate-limiting calcium-channel blockers
Digoxin monotherapy

29
Q

Give examples of beta-blockers that can be used to control heart rate in AF?

A
  • atenolol
  • acebutolol
  • metoprolol
  • nadolol
  • oxprenolol
  • propranolol
30
Q

What are the adverse effects of using beta blockers to control heart rate in AF?

A
  • bronchospasm
  • cold extremities
  • sleep disturbance/nightmares
  • fatigue
  • sexual dysfunction
31
Q

Give examples of calcium channel blockers that are used to control heart rate in AF?

A
  • verapamil

- diltiazem

32
Q

What are the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers that are used to control heart rate in AF?

A 
Dizziness
Palpitations
- ironic!
GI disturbances
Bradycardia
Drug interactions

MPharm 2 - PH2113 (50 decks)

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