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PARA424 > lecture 14, protozoa plasmodium part 2 > Flashcards

lecture 14, protozoa plasmodium part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

significance of red blood cells against malaria

A

adapted to reduce Plasmodium infection

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2
Q

how have people living in endemic areas for malaria, acquired immunity?

A

they have low levels of parasite in their blood but do not acquire the disease

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3
Q

how is acquired immunity kept up?

A

continual pressure by the parasite is needed, otherwise acquired immunity does not last

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4
Q

what do we know about acquired immunity?

A
  • slow to develop
  • short lived
  • non-sterilizing
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5
Q

what we dont know about acquired immunity?

A

the factors involved with this process

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6
Q

what are the limitations to fully eradicating malaria?

A
  • world wide drug resistance
  • limited acquired immunity requires repeat infections
  • no vaccine available with operational impact
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7
Q

why is it important to understand host-parasite interactions?

A
  • only a limited number of anti-parasitic compounds commercially available
  • development of new drugs is very slow
  • no guarantee of fully protective vaccines for all in the near future
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8
Q

what are the major clinical features of malaria?

A
  • acute febrile attacks
  • splenomegaly
  • coma
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9
Q

how does malaria affect red blood cells?

A

destroys them, by replicating inside of them and then bursting the erythrocyte to leave

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10
Q

what is the host reaction of the bursting of red blood cells?

A

fever, shivering, convulsions, vomiting, and anemia - caused by hemolysis

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11
Q

what is the classical symptom of malaria?

A

cyclical occurence of sudden coldness followed by stiffness and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours

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12
Q

what is the significance of knobs?

A
  • responsible for adhesion, found on the surface of infected red blood cell. knobs cause infected RBCs to adhere to the endothelium and to each other.
  • the ability to adhere makes the parasite lethal
  • only found on plasmodium falciparum
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13
Q

why is adhesion important to the parasite?

A

avoids splenic clearance

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14
Q

adhesion leads to symptoms found in …

A

cerebral and maternal malaria

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15
Q

what is maternal malaria?

A

parasites adhere to the lining of the placenta- but they DO NOT cross the placenta to infect the fetus

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16
Q

what are the three ways to prevent malaria?

A
  1. reduce human-mosquito contact
  2. reduce vector capacity
  3. reduce parasite reservoir
17
Q

ways to reduce human-mosquito contact?

A
  • insecticide impregnated bed nets
  • repellants, protective clothing
  • screens, house spraying
18
Q

ways to reduce vector capacity

A
  • environmental modification
  • larvicides / insecticides
  • biological control
19
Q

ways to reduce parasite reservoir

A
  • diagnosis and treatment

- prophylaxis with medications based on knowledge of geographic resistance patterns

20
Q

what is quinine?

A

toxic plant alkaloid from the bark of the Cinchona tree in South America. used to treat malaria 350 years ago

21
Q

what is quinoline-based antimalarial?

A

synthetically manufactured product that is used as a prophylactic and for treatment.
most malaria strains now resistant to chloroquine

22
Q

what is atovaquone/proguanil (malarone)

A

proguanil is an antifolate and atovaquone inhibits electron transport and collapses mitochondrial membrane potential

23
Q

what is sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar)?

A

a drug combination that acts by interfering with folate metabolism

  • resistance widespread
  • mainly used in pregnant ladies
24
Q

parasites are required to synthesize their own …acid, but humans can naturally import pre-formed … acid

A

folic

25
Q

what is the essential cofactor for the synthesis of nucleic acid precursors in folic acid synthesis?

A

tetrahydrofolic acid

26
Q

what is artemisinin?

A

derived from artemesia annua, used in china as an antimalarial for over 100 years

27
Q

what is a possible new drug target for apicomplexan parasites?

A

the apicoplast

PARA424 (12 decks)

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