Vitamins & MInerals

Question 1

Vitamins A, D, E, and K, are fat soluble. How do they differ from water soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

Hydrophobic, stored in fat & liver, slower onset, can be more toxic

Question 2

Which (9) vitamins are water soluble (hydrophilic, NOT stored, excreted, faster onset, less toxic)?

Answer 2

Vitamins B1, B2, B3 (Niacin), B5, B6, B7, B9 (folic acid), B12, and C

Question 3

How do minerals differ from vitamins?

Answer 3

Inorganic, found in soil (+plants & animals we eat), not all required, water soluble only

Question 4

Which Vitamins are included in the AREDS2 formula to slow down macular degeneration?

Answer 4

Vitamins C & E, Lutein & Zeaxanthin

Plus minerals zinc & copper

Question 5

Vitamin B6 deficiency causes what?

Answer 5

Anemia and peripheral neuropathy

Question 6

Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency causes what?

Answer 6

Megaloblastic anemia, & embryonic neural tube defect

Question 7

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes what?

Answer 7

Pernicious anemia

Question 8

Vitamin A deficiency causes what?

Answer 8

Xeropthalmia w/Bitot’s spots, night blindness, Xerosis (severe dry eye), & Keratomalacia (corneal thinning)

Question 9

What does alcoholism cause in the eyes?

Answer 9

Nutritional optic atrophy/pallor

Question 10

What can too much Vitamin E cause?

Answer 10

Increased risk for bleeding, potential association w/prostate cancer, worse CKD

Question 11

In what patients should we avoid AREDS and why? What other vitamins should they avoid?

Answer 11

Patients with kidney failure. Vit C & E can harm kidney. Also avoid fat soluble Vits A, E, K

Question 12

What vitamins does Ocuvite contain?

Answer 12

lutein/zeaxanthin, other B, C, D Vitamins in varying amounts (not AREDS/AREDS2)

Question 13

What does MacuHealth contain?

Answer 13

only the carotenoids Lutein/zeaxanthin/mesozeaxanthin

Question 14

Where are lutein & zeaxanthin naturally found?

Answer 14

red/yellow/orange/dark green fruits & veggies, aggregate mostly in the macula

Question 15

CKD patients on dialysis are often deficient in which vitamins?

Answer 15

B vitamins, some C & D

Question 16

What can too much Vitamin A cause?

Answer 16

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension presenting as optic nerves swelling (papilledema)

Question 17

Other than alcoholism & kidney disease, what other conditions commonly cause Vitamin & mineral deficiencies?

Answer 17

Malnutrition (duh), Chron’s, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, heart failure, peancreas diseases, infections +/- damage GIT, bariatric surgery