Chapter 18

Question 1

The autoclitic relation involves two interlocking levels of verbal behavior emitted in one utterance. One level is a primary response (e.g “the ice is solid”), while the other type is the secondary autoclitic response (e.g adding “I think”). Autoclitic behavior benefits the listener by providing additional information regarding the primary response.

Answer 1

Autoclitic

Question 2

Skinner (1957) used “automatic” to identify circumstances in which behavior is evoked, shaped, manipulated, or weakened by environmental variables occurring without direct manipulation by other people. All behavioral principles (e.g. reinforcement, extinction, punishment) can affect our behavior automatically.

Answer 2

Automatic Contingencies

Question 3

A higher order verbal cusp consisting of the fusing together of the speaker and listener repertoires in bidirectional relations. (Horne & Lowe, 1996). A new word acquired as listener can generate a tact without further training, and a new work acquired as a tact can generate a listener relation without further training (these effects are consistent with emergent symmetry and mutual entailment.

Answer 3

Bidirectional Naming

Question 4

A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point-to-point correspondence, but without formal similarity. There is also a history of generalized reinforcement.

Answer 4

Codic

Question 5

Involved two or more verbal Sd’s (convergent multiple control) that each independently evoke behavior, but when they both occur in the same antecedent configuration, a different Sd is generated, and a more specific behavior is evoked.

Answer 5

Compound Verbal Discrimination

Question 6

An elementary verbal operant involving a written response that is evoked by a written verbal discriminative stimulus that has a formal similarity and a history of generalized reinforcement.

Answer 6

Copying Text

Question 7

A verbal type of behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with formal similarity, and a history of generalized reinforcement

Answer 7

Duplic

Question 8

An elementary verbal operant involving a vocal response that is evoked by a vocal verbal Sd that has formal similarity between an auditory verbal stimulus and an auditory verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement.

Answer 8

Echoic

Question 9

• Michael’s (1982) term for skinner’s (1957) taxonomy of five different types of speakers behavior (i.e expressive language) distinguished by their antecedent controlling variables and related history of consequences; mand, tact, intraverbal, duplic, codic.

Answer 9

Elementary Verbal Operants

Question 10

Occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or repones product (a) share the same sense mode (both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other. Verbal relations with formal similarity are echoic, copying a text, and imitation as it relates to sign language.

Answer 10

Formal Similarity

Question 11

a behavioral effect whereby previously acquired speaker and listener skills enable or accelerate the acquisition of other speaker and listener skills, without dependence on direct teaching or a history of reinforcement.

Answer 11

Generative Learning

Question 12

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that does NOT have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus. The intraverbal is the opposite of the echoic, in that the words emitted by one speaker do not match the word of another speaker. Intraverbal behavior constitutes the basis for social interaction, conversations, and much of academic and intellectual behavior. Questions are mands, and answers are intraverbal.

Answer 12

Intraverbal

Question 13

Someone who provides reinforcement for the speaker’s verbal behavior. A listener may also serve as an audience evoking verbal behavior. The distinction between listener and speaker is often blurred by the fact that much of the listener’s behavior may involve becoming a speaker at the covert level (e.g thinking about what was said) A speaker may also serve as her own listener.

Answer 13

Listener

Question 14

• When verbal Sd evokes a specific nonverbal behavior, due to a history

Answer 14

Listener Discrimination

Question 15

An elementary verbal operant involving a response of any form that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement. Manding allows a speaker to get what she wants or refuse what she does not want.

Answer 15

Mand

Question 16

a type of duplic verbal behavior in which a form of a motor response is under the functional control of a visual verbal Sd that has formal similarity between a verbal stimulus and a verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement.

Answer 16

Motor imitation (relating to sign language)-

Question 17

• There are two types of multiple control. Convergent multiple control occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more than one variable (i.e. what is said has more than one antecedent source of control) Divergent multiple control occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one response.

Answer 17

Multiple Control

Question 18

A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response. The verbal relations with point-to-point correspondence are echoic, copying text, imitation as it relates to sign language, textual, and transcription.

Answer 18

Point-to-point correspondence

Question 19

Covert events typically accessible to the person experiencing them. Skinner’s radical behaviorism hold three major assumptions about private events (a) private events are behavior, (b) behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other “public” behavior only by its inaccessibility and (c) private behavior is influenced by (i.e is a function of) the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior.

Answer 19

Private events

Question 20

A category of verbal behavior in which the speaker points to or selects a particular stimulus; what is conveyed to the listener is the information on the stimulus selected.

Answer 20

Selection-based (SB) verbal behavior

Question 21

A single component word or phrase evokes a nonmatching intraverbal response (e.g. upon hearing “ready, set….” A child says “go”)

Answer 21

Simple verbal discrimination

Question 22

• someone who engages in verbal behavior by emitting mands, tacts, intraverbals, autoclitics, etc. A speaker is also someone who uses sign language, gestures, signals, written words, codes, pictures, or any form of verbal behavior.

Answer 22

Speaker

Question 23

an elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement. Tacting allows a speaker to identify or describe the features of the physical environment. The elements that make up one’s physical environment are vast, thus, much of language instruction and educational programs focus on teaching tacts.

Answer 23

Tact

Question 24

• Once a tact has been established, the tact response can occur under novel stimulus conditions through the process of stimulus generalization. Skinner (1957) identifies four different levels of generalization based on the degree to which a novel stimulus shares the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus. The four types of tact extensions are generic, metaphorical, metonymical, and solecistic.

Answer 24

Tact extension

Question 25

• An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or fingerspelled response that does not have formal similarity between the stimulus and the response, but does have point-to-point correspondence and a history of generalized reinforcement.

Answer 25

Taking dictation

Question 26

An elementary vernal operant involving a response that is evoked by a written verbal discriminative stimulus that does not have formal similarity between the stimulus and the response, but does have point-to-point correspondence and a history of generalized reinforcement.

Answer 26

Textual

Question 27

A category of verbal behavior in which the listener is affected by a specific response topography emitted by the speaker; includes (e.g. speech, sign language, writing, fingerspelling).

Answer 27

Topography-based verbal behavior

Question 28

Behavior whose reinforcement is mediated by a listener; includes both vocal verbal behavior (e.g saying “water please” to get water) and non-vocal verbal behavior (pointing to a glass of water to get water.) Encompasses the subject matter usually treated as language and topics such as thinking, grammar, composition, and understanding.

Answer 28

Verbal Behavior

Question 29

• A type of convergent multiple control involving a verbal stimulus that alters the evocative effects of another verbal stimulus in the same antecedent configuration. The conditional discrimination is between the words in the antecedent event.

Answer 29

Verbal conditional discrimination-

Question 30

An interaction between a speaker and a listener. A speaker emits any type of verbal response (e.g echoic, mand, tact, intraverbal) in any form (speech, sign language, icon selection, eye contact) and a listener (1) serves as an audience for the speaker, (2) provides reinforcement for a speaker, and (3) responds in specific ways to the speaker’s behavior. The roles of the speaker and listener switch back and forth in an exchange, and usually involve covert speaker and listener behavior as well.

Answer 30

Verbal episode

Question 31

Verbal stimuli can alter the functional effects of immediate of future SDs and MOs and, accordingly, change a listener’s behavior. For example, being told “the bridge is out, turn left at 7-eleven and there will be another one in 5 miles” , can alter the functional affects of stimuli encountered in the future and evoke verbal and nonverbal behavior at that time. (e.g tacting the 7-eleven, turning left)

Answer 31

Verbal function-altering effect