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Clinical Chemistry > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. storage form of energy
  2. cell membrane component
  3. structural component of nucleic acid
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2
Q

classification of carbohydrates according to size of base carbon chain

A

triose, tetrelise, pentose, hexose, etc

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3
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

glycol aldehyde (2-C)

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4
Q

smallest carbohydrate

A

glyceraldehyde

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5
Q

classification of carbohydrate according to location of the C=O function group

A

aldose and ketose

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6
Q

the C=O is in the terminal group

A

aldose

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7
Q

the C=O group is in the middle of the chain

A

ketose

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8
Q

In ketoses the C2 is always:

A

carbonyl (C=O)

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9
Q

The aldehyde or ketone in this visualization is at the top of the drawing

A

fisher projection

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10
Q

this visualization shows the carbihydrate in cyclic form which is more representative of the compound

A

haworth projection

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11
Q

classification of carbohydrates according to stereochemistry of the compound

A

L or D form

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12
Q

if the -OH group in the penultimate carbon is in the right of the fisher projection

A

D-form

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13
Q

if the OH group is found in the left side of the penultimate carbon

A

L-form

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14
Q

most common enantiomer or stereoisomer in humans

A

D-form

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15
Q

classification of carbohydrates according to number of sugar units in the chain

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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16
Q

monosaccharides are linked to form disaxcharides through

A

glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

splitting of glycosidic bonds form ___ and is termed as ___

A

1 H2O

hydrolysis

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18
Q

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler form and are always reducing agents

A

monosaccharides

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19
Q

2 monosaccarides in a glycosidic linkage

A

disaccharide

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20
Q

monosaccharides components of lactose

A

galactose

glucose

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21
Q

monosaccharide components of sucrose

A

glucose

fructose

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22
Q

monosaccharide components of maltose

A

2 glucose

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23
Q

T or F: sucrose is a reducing sugar

A

False

Sucrose is non-reducing

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24
Q

disaccharide enzymes like maltase, sucrase, and lactase are found in

A

intestine microvilli

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25
Q

carbohydrates that consists of 2-10 sugar units

A

oligosaccharides

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26
Q

most important use of oligosaccharides

A

components of glycoproteins

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27
Q

integral membrane proteins w/ oligosaccharides covalently linked to extracellular region

A

glycoprotein

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28
Q

example of glycoproteins

A

antibodies
hormones
coagulation factors

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29
Q

linkage of 10 or more monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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30
Q

polysaccharide structural support in plants

A

cellulose

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31
Q

polysaccharide structural support in exoskeletons

A

chitin

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32
Q

three examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

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33
Q

starch is composed of

A

amylose

amylopectins

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34
Q

component of starch described as 1 long unbranched chain of alpha-1,4 linkages with only the terminal aldehyde is free

A

amylose

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35
Q

component of starch that have side chains and alpha-1,4 linkages, and alpha-1,6 linkages every 24-30 residues

A

amylopectins

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36
Q

similar to amylopectin but has more extensive branching every 8-10 residues

A

glycogen

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37
Q

glycogen is the most abundant in:

A

liver and skeletal muscle

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38
Q

primary source of energy for humans

A

glucose

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39
Q

three sources of glucose in the body:

A
  1. diet
  2. body stores (glycogen)
  3. protein or triglycerides
40
Q

function of liver

A

store glucose as glycogen

degrade glycogen as needed

41
Q

metabolism of glucose molecule into pyruvate or lactate to produce energy

A

glycolysis

42
Q

formation of G6P from noncarbohydrate sources like glycerol (triglycerides), lactate (skin and muscles), and pyruvate

A

gluconeogenesis

43
Q

breakdown of glycogen to G6P for glycolytic pathway

A

glycogenolysis

44
Q

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

lipogenesis

45
Q

decomposition of fat resulting

A

lipolysis

46
Q

product of lipolysis that can be used by the brain through the Tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

ketone bodies

47
Q

final common pathway in oxidation of fuel molecules which produce Acetyl CoA

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

48
Q

generates large amounts of ATP when oxidized

A

Acetyl CoA

49
Q

Acetyl CoA is oxidized through:

A

oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

The only hypoglycemic agent

A

insulin

51
Q

insulin is produced by

A

beta cells of the islets of Langerhan in the pancreas

52
Q

actions of insulin

A

increased uptake of glucose into fat and muscle
increased conversion of glucose to glycogen
increased protein synthesis
decreased glucose production
decreased protein breakdown

53
Q

nature of insulin

A

anabolic

54
Q

4 counterregulatory hormones

A
  1. glucagon
  2. epinephrine
  3. growth hormone
  4. cortisol
55
Q

nature of counterregulatory hormones

A

catabolic

56
Q

glucagon is secreted by

A

alpha cells of pancreas

57
Q

action of glucagon

A

increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, lipolysis

58
Q

releaser of glucagon is induced by

A

stress
exercise
amino acids

59
Q

two reasons for hyperglucemia

A

insulin deficiency

increased glucagon

60
Q

epinephrine is waht compound

A

catecholamine

61
Q

epinephrine is secreted by

A

adrenal medulla

62
Q

plays key role in glucose counterregulation of glucagon is impaired

A

epinephrine

63
Q

causes of increased epinephrine

A

physical or emotional stress

pheochromocytomas

64
Q

growth hormone is secreted by:

A

anterior pituitary gland

65
Q

action of GH

A

increases gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

antagonizes insulin-stimulated glucose uptake

66
Q

cortisol is secreted by

A

adrenal cortex

67
Q

cortisol is secreted in response to

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

68
Q

action of cortisol

A

breakdown of protein and fat

69
Q

disease when cortisol is increased

A

Cushing syndrome

hyperplasia of adrenal cortex

70
Q

disease when cortisol is decreased

A

Addison’s disease

atrophy of adrenal cortex

71
Q

disease when cortisol is decreased

A

Addison’s disease

atrophy of adrenal cortex

72
Q

two other hormones influencing glucose metabolism

A

thyroxine

somatostatin

73
Q

thyroxine is secreted by

A

thyroid gland

74
Q

action of thyroxine

A

increase gastric emptying and intestinal glucose absorption

75
Q

inhibits growth hormone

A

somatostatin

76
Q

somatostatin is found in

A

GIT
hypothalamus
delta cells of pancreatic islets

77
Q

action of somatostatin

A

decreases secretion of GH, insulin, glucagon

modulates relationship of insulin and glucagon

78
Q

at room temperature, glucose is metabolized at:

A

7 mg/dL per hour

79
Q

at 4 degrees Celsius, glucose is metabolized at

A

2 mg/dL per hour

80
Q

effect of bacterial contamination on specimen

A

higher rate of metabolism

81
Q

effect of glycolysis on specimen

A

5-7% decrease per hour

82
Q

effect of fasting on capillary blood glucose concentration

A

2-5 mg/dL higher than venous blood

83
Q

effect of glucose load on capillary blood glucose concentration

A

20-70 mg/dL higher than venous blood

84
Q

how many hours is refrigerated plasma stable

A

48 hours

85
Q

long term storage of specimen at -20 degrees Celsius

A

progressive and significant decrease

86
Q

serum should be separated within:

A

30 minutes

87
Q

additive that inhibits glycolysis

A

Sodium fluoride

88
Q

clinically acceptable delay of separation of serum if without bacterial contamination or leukocytosis

A

90 minutes

89
Q

stability of separated, non hemolyzed serum at 25 degrees Celsius

A

8 hrs

90
Q

stability of separated, non hemolyzed serum at 4 degrees celsius

A

72 hours

91
Q

the standard clinical specimen for glucose determination

A

plasma

92
Q

plasma contains this, which can also metabolize glucose

A

leukocytes

93
Q

possible additives for plasma that inhibits glycolysis

A

sodium fluoride

sodium iodoacetate

94
Q

added to sodium fluoride to prevent late clotting after several hours

A

potassium oxalate

95
Q

ratio of sodium fluoride to potassium oxalate

A

2 mg : 2mg

96
Q

inhibits in vitro glucolysis better than fluoride

A

citrate buffer acidificatiob

Clinical Chemistry (14 decks)

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